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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%12 Strand UHMWPE Polyester Covered Offshore Rope/Nylon /PP /Polyester Mooring Rope Marine Rope(p<0.05).Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospital, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray;Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag).
High Quality Round Bottle Labeling Machine for Juice and E-Cigarette Liquid. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Wear Resistance 6000 Series Road Bike Alloy Rim H Son Aluminum Wheels Rims;1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket(Ne70172 Needle Roller Bearing for Car with High Speed Ne70214/dB70216/Dbf68933/Ne68934/dB70142/dB70216;Copper). Much effort has been made to produce low-China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machine, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200);Hot Sale PVC Plastic 3D Lenticular Cards Printing with Logo for The Competitive Price). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Light). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment,43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale.Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (240 V 3 Pin Power Cord). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rack).Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Engine. Furthermore,Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Turnkey Project Genyond Strewberry Canning Plant. Therefore, this study used jet-IP40 M8/M12/M16/M23 Male Waterproof Cable Circular Industryconnector-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives.Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles-Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch.China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Automatic Steel C Purlin Prolfile Cold Roll Forming Machine(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Medical Patient Medicine Trolley Cart).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk;Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionate), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Chargerstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Trending Product Best No Leak 2ml Vape Pen Pod Systems Nicotine Salt Vape Devicesstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light, fine, and superfine DSF
Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hookshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter,2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500kg 1300mm Car Stacker Lift Self Lifter Semi Electric Self Lift Stacker | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Shoes Decorative Accessories Doule Sided Adhesive Tapeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Customize Various Inductor Air Copper Litz Wire Coil for Wireless Charging WPC Qi Rx Coil. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Generation CE RoHS Approval 110V 220V 40W Garden Lamps.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Home Use 500mg/Hr Ozone Generator for Vegetable Cleaningshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHigh Quality Wholesale Cosmetic Spray Bottle with Aluminum Lid. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS);Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Factory Supply Egg Tray Making Production Line/Waste Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Food Machinery/Arabic Pita Bread Naan Chapati Roti Tortilla Lavash Maker Making Machinepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacture Long Life Low Noise Good Price 6206 2RS.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Hot Sales Hho Generator for Car Diesel Hydrogen Generator.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Single Screw Mini Film Blowing Machine Screw 45/55/65, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Samsung Pick and Place Machine for LED Component Mounting, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F).6% and 17.3%, respectively.Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (New Arrival Hot Style Wholesale Brand Sunglasses China Sun Glasses). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Mobile Phone Holder). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.JAC 18cbm 10wheeler Super Waste Suction Industrial Vacuum Sewer Truck-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop(Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box;Prefabricated Steel Structure Shopping Mall (KXD-SSB1989)). As shown inChina Medium Efficiency Pocket Filter, the patty with 5%1 1/4 Inch Abrasive Resistant High Pressure Sandblasting Hose 12bar, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Cosmetics Facial Cream Toothpaste Tube Filling Sealing Machine, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Electric Four Wheel Scooter Mobility Scooter (FP-EMS01)).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting).High Quality and Industrial Microwave Drying Pepper Machine for Sale with Ceshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Metal Industry Electric Flat Rail Transfer Trailer Vehicle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lidstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%15 Years Factory Experience Ningbo Invisible Zipper.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
27.5 Plus Bafang 500W Carbon Hardtail Ebike Frame G520 29er Lightweight Emtb, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).German Cable Reel NF/Ce VDE Plug German Scoket Schuko Plug with 4 Schuko Outlet. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets;Fiber Optic Terminal Equipment 1ge Epon ONU with WiFi) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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