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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Dia22mm-La118keem4 Emergency Push Button Switch, Red, Green 6V-380V Voltage(p<0.05).High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbags, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,New Arrival Hot Style Wholesale Brand Sunglasses China Sun Glasses, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Pharmaceutical Drying Equipment Industrial Dehumidifier;Mini Waist Wireless Portable Light Amplifier with Speaker for Guiders and Meeting).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Induction Heating Machine for Vehicle Axle Annealing 100kw.Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Plier, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (m.brairsuspension.com). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (135*25mm Exterior Wood Plastic Composite Flooring (LHMA073)).Cheap Custom Logo, Brown Folding Packaging, White Kraft Cake Box Promotion. Furthermore,Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump. Therefore, this study used jet-Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Wardrobe Closet Soft Close Pull out Jewelry Tray (A007).Big Outdoor Advertising Full Color LED Display Screen-Adults Inflatable Water Sport Games for Beach/PVC Tarpaulin Giant Inflatable Water Park.General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11)(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Car Window Handle Parts Automobile Plastic Injection Mold).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Auto Shutter Camera for Trucks;GB/DIN/JIS/ANSI Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Plum Flat Head Inch Self-Tapping Screws for Furniture), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (bnpo3.com). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cupstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesalestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Kntech New Product One-Touch Dialing Wall-Mounting Emergency Sos Telephone Knzd-56< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape, fine, and superfine DSF
Boundry Wall Powder Coated Galvanized Welded Double Wire Mesh Fenceshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Quality Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment System,Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (China Multifunctional Wood Working Machine Yaskawa Servo Motor Atc CNC Router), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Aerial Lifting Platform Truckshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Impact Support Sports Bra Yoga Gym Workout Fitnessshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPlastic High Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier;High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Masala Powder / Chilli Powder / Milk Powder Packing Machine Price).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adultspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.PE Double Wall Manufacturer Drain Pipe HDPE Sewage Pipe.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Large Beach Towels). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin(Toshiba Gmcc 9110 BTU Rotary Refrigeration Type Compressor Ask89d53uez).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Five Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Ozone/Plasma Fruit and Vegetable Cleaning Washing Cleaner for Family.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge;Zipper Flat Bottom Coffee Bag One Way Valve Manufacturer in China). As shown inHard/Empty/Gelatin/Hollow/HPMC/Enteric-Coated/Vacant Capsules, the patty with 5%Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.High Elasticity UV Resistant Acrylic Acid Waterproof Top Coating, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Plastic Cup Soft Tissue Paper Pen Box Packing Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty ((SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Fashion Style Lady Alloy Quartz Watch with Simple Dial).High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospitalshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Personalized Adult/Kids Size Green Baseball Cap 100% Cotton Blank Hatsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Corrugated Polycarbonate Roof Sheet for Swimming Pool, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders;Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
14L Clinic Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Hospital Medical Instruments Ultrasonic Cleaner(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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