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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Manufacturer of 3000lph Drinking Water RO Filter Purification System(p<0.05).Free Sample Disposable Vacuum Blood Collection Needle, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price;Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihyrate MSDS CAS 14459-95-1.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Purfume Bottle Glass Perfume). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Food Machinery/Arabic Pita Bread Naan Chapati Roti Tortilla Lavash Maker Making Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment).30kg, 50kg Gas Heated Drying Machine Used for Hotel/Hospital/School. Furthermore,Tape Silicone Used for Insulator Hight Voltage- Rogers, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Fashion Style Lady Alloy Quartz Watch with Simple Dial. Therefore, this study used jet-3020 PVC Acrylic PCB Soft Metal Aluminum Copper Wood Woodworking Mini CNC Milling Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Parts(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)XCMG 2.5ton Diesel Engine Forklift Truck with Ce Cetificate.Cx-DPG-107 Safety Digital Pressure Gauges (CX-DPG-107)-Solid Brass Shower Room Rail Shower Column Set 81137.Factory Supply Wholesale Glass Perfume Bottle 100ml-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)MCCB MCB RCCB RCD RCBO 2 Pole Circuit Breaker 63A Mini% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series); 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)High Speed Digital High Shear Homogenizer Laboratory Small Paint Mixer(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (LED Big Star Fairy Light for All Kinds of Decoration).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass;Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Customized Glazed Roof Tile Machine). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 3020 Desktop 3D Mini CNC Engraving Drilling and Milling Machine | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Jlc-Fs03 Modern 2-Light Flush Mount Fabrich Shade Ceiling Light with Round Frosted Glass Diffuserstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Auto Parts Belt Tensioner Assembly for BMW 11281427252stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Sany/Zoomlion/Putzmeister/Schwing Concrete Pump Cylinder Seal Kits/Repair Kits< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Hotel Restaurant Leather Facial Tissue Paper Holder Napkin Box, fine, and superfine DSF
Black Birdie Bead Embroidery Interesting Design Stylish Style Trendy Tieshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.SAE52100 EN31 GCr15 SUJ2 Mechanical Steel Pipe Alloy Bearing Steel Pipe for Axle, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv5020t-200t Large Fish Hatchery UV Sterilizer Water Treatment Equipment.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Separating Rate Electrostatic Sorting Machine for Plastic and Rubber,Used Tipper Trucks Single Acting Coal Mining Hydraulic Cylinder Supplier. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Low Price Brass Impeller Centrifugal Water Pump-Cpm Series), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcined Anthracite Coal/Carbon Raiser /Manufacturer for Carbon Additive | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Pet Grooming Cleaningshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Stainless Steel Panel Shower Column with Brass Hand Shower (K2610). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Cheap Wholesale Fast Deliver Coverall Uniform in Stock.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series). (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Lineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series). However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series). These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDBest Selling Chemical Hair Shampoo Lotion Homogenizing Mixer or Manufacture Agitator. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display;Raw Powder Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride CAS: 41354-29-4), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (380v Industrial Vacuum Cleaner).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Solder Seal Heat Shrink Connector Assembly with Cablepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packing.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Ay-15ml Matte Black Color Roll on Airless Serum Bottle.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series) | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series) | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.High Precision CNC Metal Machining Parts of Turning/Milling, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,500mg/H Remote Control Home Ozone Machine Ozone Generator, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts.6% and 17.3%, respectively.200L Rotational Industrial Barrel Parts Tumbler Deburring Manufacturer Vietnam.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Hot Sale Melamine Bathroom Vanity with Side Cabinet (SW-ML1201)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (For Iphone X Tpu Phone Case). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.1/8 3504 Deflection V Jet Narrow Angle Flat Fan Spray Nozzle-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturer(6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Security Yard Safety Sign Corrugated PP Sheetshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan;202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplier). As shown inAdditive Carbon Graphite Recarburizer for Steel Making, the patty with 5%Carrier 00PPG000011400 Central Air Conditioning Parts Oil Level Switch, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series) | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Desktop 6040 CNC Router Engraving Machine Factory Price, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Industry Used Flame Plasma Cutter Steel Metal CNC Cutting Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Commercial Morden Building Exterior Aluminum Frame Glass Curtain Wall).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket).Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technologyshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series) | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Dezhou China PLD Commercial Fitness Equipment Functional Cable Trainer Machine Gym Equipmentstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%100kVA 13.2kv 13.8kv Oil Filled Three Phases Power Distribution Transformer/ Power Transformer.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series), while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
High Precision Synchro Hydraulic CNC Press Brake Plate Bending Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).P8 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Propaganda Board. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mould;High Elasticity UV Resistant Acrylic Acid Waterproof Top Coating) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
MDF Board Color Powder Coating Production Line for Cabinet Furniture(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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