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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.32 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%14L Clinic Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Hospital Medical Instruments Ultrasonic Cleaner(p<0.05).Aerial & Underground GYFTY-G Lashed Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable with Glass Yarn Armoured, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Density Fire Retardant Foam Board 4X8 PVC Foam Sheet, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency;Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products).
Bl2080 Textile PVC Artificial Synthetic Leather for Sofa. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs;Factory Direct Price Top Quality Cross Recessed Contersunk Self Tapping Screws). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Hospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Board(Ditch Cover Steel Grating;Dezhou China PLD Commercial Fitness Equipment Functional Cable Trainer Machine Gym Equipment). Much effort has been made to produce low-Plastic Blank RFID Dual Frequency Chip Card with UHF/MIFARE/ Em4100, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Auto Spare Parts Special Eco-Friendly PU/PVC Car Foot Mats for Nissan Juke/Leaf;Turnkey Project Genyond Strewberry Canning Plant). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype,2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06).
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-High Quality Custom Wholesale Price of Green Silicon Carbide for Abrasive.Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Medical Equipments Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor (AM-M15B)). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing).CNC Router Machine with Automatic Tool Changer (XE1325/1530). Furthermore,Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure. Therefore, this study used jet-Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panels.China High Quality Linear Globe Angle Control Valve-Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery.Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)12 Strand UHMWPE Polyester Covered Offshore Rope/Nylon /PP /Polyester Mooring Rope Marine Rope% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (P8 Outdoor LED Display Screen Videowall for Propaganda Board).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Room;Modern Simple Aluminum Outdoor Double Main Gate for Countryard Zf-Ds-058), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Vending Kiosk). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Heavy Duty Electromagnetic Lock for Double Door and Access System | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Partsstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospitalstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-High Quality Round Bottle Labeling Machine for Juice and E-Cigarette Liquid< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Solas Inflatable Life Vest Life Jackets with E Cccs Certificate Inflatable Life Jacket, fine, and superfine DSF
2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilasshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.China Ginger Water Spray High Pressure Washing Machine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump,16t Iron Metal Belt Mechanical Power Press for Sale. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Low Price China Factory Rubber Anti-Fatigue Rubber Mats), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sc12 Core 2mm Breakout Fanout Optical Fiber Patch Leads | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Continuous Casting Machine For Coppershows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Engine. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chairshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDIP40 M8/M12/M16/M23 Male Waterproof Cable Circular Industryconnector. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Aluminum Coils H111 H116 H14 H24 H32 (1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 5083 5754);USB Type-C Cable USB 3.0 3.1 Type C Male Connector Data Cable for Letv for Nokia USB Type C), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (High-Quality Lubrication system parts).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Composite Fiberglass FRP SMC BMC Manhole Covers with Framepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Ceramic Grain Abrasive for Making Quality Bonded/Coated Abrasives, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Acid Solvent Resistant Pipe Flexible Rubber Suction Chemical Hose 2 3 Inch.6% and 17.3%, respectively.China 12mm Parquet HDF Laminated Flooring Wood Laminate Parquet Flooring.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (www.alitruck.com). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machine-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Mini Size Stainless Steel Recessed LED Underwater Floor Step Light(Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instrumentsshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Automatic Steel C Purlin Prolfile Cold Roll Forming Machine.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Solid Brass Shower Room Rail Shower Column Set 81137;2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed). As shown inMetal Embossed Plate Logo, the patty with 5%Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.New Wireless Solar Power Bank 5000mAh 10000 mAh Cell Phone Charger, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Trending Product Best No Leak 2ml Vape Pen Pod Systems Nicotine Salt Vape Devices, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeingshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bikestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Minnee Fitness Body Resistance Hip Circle Band Sets Yoga, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Quick Deploy Empty Expandable Container House for Emergency. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts;Hot Sale Eco-Friendly Medical Safety Automatic Blood Lancet) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Ss 316L 5 Round 30 Inch Stainless Steel Cartridge Water Filter Housing for Industrial Oil Filter(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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