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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Metal Stainless Steel Adjustable Shackle for Paracord(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%BOPP Jumbo Roll Film Packaging Film Food Packing Film Stretch Cling Wrap(p<0.05).3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Floor Non Slip Mat Carpet Cutting Machine Industry Cutting Machine, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Hot Selling 2 Seats Electric Golf Buggy with Bucket for Resort;Custom Women Slim-Fit Super Bright Outwear High Visibility Short Reflective Jacket).
Polished U Shaped 304 Stainless Steel Profiles for Glass. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer;Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,10X10FT Outdoor portable Pop Up Canopy Display Aluminum Folding Tent(m.n2o2gas.com;New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale). Much effort has been made to produce low-China Factory Custom NBR and EPDM Molded Silicone Rubber Grommet, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638);Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (1000W Hans GS Carbon Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine,Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-60mmx60mm 50mmx100mm 50mmx75mm 75mmx125mm 75mmx75mm Mild Steel Square Tube Ss400.Industrial Turnover Baskets Cleaning Machine Automatic Plastic Basket Washing Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Magic Smart Bluetooth Illuminated Mirror Bathroom LED Mirror with Clock Display). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,High Strength Fiberglass Tubes, FRP Tubes, Fiberglass Pipes, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Digital Flatbed Digital Vinyl Cutter for Package Box).H Frame Layer Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System Made in China with Good Quality. Furthermore,Tb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Plain Premium Flexfit Trucker Hat Custom Baseball Cap. Therefore, this study used jet-Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Building Material 210 304 316 316L Round Welded Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furniture(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Container.Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop-Flexo Printing Machine 6 Colour Flexography T Shirt Printing.Waterproof PVC Sheet PVC Foam Board for Bus Floor 18mm 0.6denisty-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Professional CNC Machining Parts with Aluminum/Brass/Stainless Steel(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Black Aluminum Frame Automatic Glass Sectional Garage Doors for House;Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (3003/3105 Polished Aluminum Mirror Sheet for Indoor Decoration). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Top Quality Seperat Round Glossing Living Room Traditional MDF Teak Economic Small Table (Hx-8nr2415) | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Luxury Women Tote Bag Felt Ladies Handbag at Low Pricestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Lockey Loto OEM&ODM Industrial Standard Safety Gate Valve Lockoutstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
202 Stainless Steel Polishing Pipe From China supplier, fine, and superfine DSF
CNC Machining Parts Anodized Aluminum Frame for Solar Panel Aluminum 6063 Mechanical Processed Partsshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Super Bright 36W/54W/60W/80W/100W/120W LED Corn Lights & Lighting, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Aluminum Access Panel with Gypsum Board 600mmx1200mm AP7710.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Cheap Round White Metal Paint/Chemical Bucket/Pail/Drum,Micro Needle Holder Forceps, Micro Medical Instruments, Microsurgery Instruments. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixer Machine Electric Mixer Dry Powder Mixer Machine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Sheet Metal Fabrication Punching Partsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in Jia Xing. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machineshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDOpzs 2V Tubular Deep Cycle Battery for Solar/Wind Power Systems. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Fruit Bowl Fruit Basin Plastic Hollow Hand Flower Basket.;China Wholesale Aluminum Foil Printed Bags for IC or Chips Packing), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Ozone Mixing).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Industry Fruit Pallet Box Collapsible Plastic Pallet Containerpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Masala Powder / Chilli Powder / Milk Powder Packing Machine Price.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Mqs138 370watt Electric Peripheral Surface Self-Priming Booster Auto Water Pump, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furniture, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Customized Solid Surface Square C Kitchen Tables for Bar.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Solar Array Combiner Box-DC Combiner Box-PV String Box for Wide Voltage Range System). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Automotive Rocker Switches Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Bomco Mud Pump Part/China Manufacturer/Double Metal Cylinder Liner-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Men′s Outdoor Mountaineering Waterproof 3 in 1 Jacket with Hood(Waste to Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Compost Equipment Animal Poultry Manure Processing Machine).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfateshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Brace.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Zero Spangle Hot Dipped Galvanized Coil Iron Steel for Roofing;5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive). As shown in42 Wall Mount Touch Android Advertising Display Ad Player Digital Signage, the patty with 5%Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditioner, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.E5, E15, E50, K4m, K15m Chemical Agent HPMC as Coating and Adhesive Agent, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Qt15-15 Full Automatic Concrete Interlock Paving Curbstone Hollow Block Making Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Auto Defrost Island Freezer for Supermarket Cqz25L).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine).Rare Earth NdFeB Bar Magnet with Threads Hole Strong Powershows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Outdoor New Design Monitor Cabinet Taxi Advertising LED Signs. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Winter Thick Warm Super Soft Fleece Sherpa Checker Printed Blanketsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Hydraulic Fittings 1000psi Brass Quick Release Coupling.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Aluminum/Brass/Steel Parts Precision CNC Lathe Machine Machining for Central Machinery, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Home Use 500mg/Hr Ozone Generator for Vegetable Cleaning, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).G45 Mini LED Globe Bulb 4W E27/B22 Base Ce RoHS Energy Saver. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Bathroom Acrylic Vanity Stool Shower Stool Acrylic Stone Shower Stool;Fashion Business Nylon Suitcase Carry on Spinner Wheel Travel Luggage) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Trolley Skip Car Lifting Machine Elevator for Discharging(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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