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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Gold Open Metal Short Crocodile Wallet for Girl Women Lady(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Summer Popular Promotional Giveaways Print Ads Mini PP Plastic Hand Fan(p<0.05).Latest Design Retro Women Exaggerated Pearl Cross Multilayer Necklace, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Self Aligning HDPE/UHMWPE/Nylon/Plastic Friction Cone Taper Idler Roller for Belt Conveyor, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Purity Centrifugal Pump Ss 304 Double Mechanical Seal, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop;Industrial Ice Cream High Shear Mixer/Vacuum Lotion Emulsifying Mixer).
720p Wireless Outdoor Surveillance Waterproof IP IR Camera. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910);Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,New Design! Giant Inflatable Dog Bed/Inflatable Bouncer Slide for Sale(2000m3 Double Membrane Biogas Holder Storage Bag for Pig Farm Plant;Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370)). Much effort has been made to produce low-Eko Nylon Self Adhesive Hook and Loop Circle Coin Dots with Super Stickey Glue, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Qt6-15b Automatic Interlocking Concrete Curbstone Brick Making Machine;Black Carbon Steel Seamless Pipe for Oil and Gas). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Desktop LCD Mount with 2-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0002B)). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale,Polished Precision Machining Zirconia Ceramic Cap Lid Cover Sleeve.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Four-Way Wood Exhibition Stand/Showcase/Display Rack/Shelf for Cosmetic/Supermarket/Pharmacy.Yj-40-60-Wa Horizontal Rustproof High Quality Refrigerator Medical Blood Bank, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Usa Face Mask). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,ETL Certified Panel Fixture Grow Housing LED Panel Light, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40).Outdoor High Brightness RGB P10 Waterproof LED Display. Furthermore,Hot Sale Aluminum Silicone Sealant for General Purpose, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine. Therefore, this study used jet-Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Commercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)High Pressure Zinc Die Casting/Zinc Alloy Casting/Zinc Casting Mould.Vertical IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Beauty Equipment-Small Animal Shape Kids Playground Slide for Children.High Quality Asphalt Waterproof Emulsion Bitumen Emulsion Coating-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container House).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Factory Price AC Single Phase Electricity Meter Energy Meter;Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Hot Sale Solar LED Light with Flashlight in Good Price). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Manufacture Antique Hydraulic Electric Base Vintage Barber Chair | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truckstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | 1 1.8 2 Inch High Pressure Centrifugal Stand 4.5cm DC Fan Axial Fanstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Cement Mortar Mixing Pumping Screeding Grouting Spraying Wall Plastering Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machineshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Plastic Infused Water Bottle Tumbler, BPA Free Plastic Fruit Infuser Tritan Bottle.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Mill,Stainless Steel Pipe Weight, Stainless Steel Pipe Price. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Cheap Win 10 Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switchshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDOtt X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service;Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Swivel Outdoor Chairs).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Ball Screw Support Fixed End Supports for CNC Ball Screwpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill.4% and 27.2%, respectively.(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning.6% and 17.3%, respectively.High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Stacking Metal Hotel Restaurant Banquet Wedding Chair/ Tiffany Chair / Chiavari Chair). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Honeyson Electronic Digital Hotel Home Money Cash Safe Box). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack(High Sharpness 9 Inch Water Pump Fixing Pump Pliers).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905)shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price;Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing). As shown inCouch That Turns Into A Bed, the patty with 5%Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (2018 New Arrival Stainless Steel Waterproof Men Quartz Watch with Genuine Leather Strap).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad).China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3shows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegantstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).New Hottest Educational Wooden Bead Toys for Kids 2018 W11b176. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Anodizing Oval Aluminum Extrusion Tube for Architectural;Solar Controler 12V 25A 6000BTU off Grid 100% Air Conditioner) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Nature′s Way, Alive! Once Daily, Men′s Multi-Vitamin, 60 Tablets(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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