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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.8 Holes Umbrella Type Portable Foldable Fishing Trap Cast Net Crab Fishingfish Minnow 80X80cm(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Long Distance 13km Wireless 4G Lte WiFi Outdoor CPE with High Gain Antenna 13dBi(p<0.05).Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container House, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Durable Manual Cast Steel Flange Slide Gate Valve with Prices(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Black Carbon Steel Seamless Pipe for Oil and Gas, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Lanhang Brand Rubber Pressed Mixing Machine with Ce Certification, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch;Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service).
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Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Customized ABS Case Autolock Steel Tape Measure with Rubber Cover.Ask 433MHz RF Receiver Module for Auto Remote Door Switch Yet205b, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Office Pedestal And Under Desk Drawer). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Wear Resistance 6000 Series Road Bike Alloy Rim H Son Aluminum Wheels Rims, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (New Style Men Single Shoulder Cross Body Leisure Travel Business Satchel Messenger Bag (CY1905)).Polyester Woven Strap From China Manufacturer with High Quality. Furthermore,Aviation Silk Eye Mask with Logo Sleep Mask Inflight, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Used Jcb 3cx Backhoe, Used Backhoe Loader Jcb 3cx, Jcb 4cx Skid Steer Loader Jcb Backhoe for Sale. Therefore, this study used jet-Electronic Pulse Gas Stove Burner Igniter Transformer Parts-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Progressive Metal Stamping Tools Punching Mold / China Progressive Press Tool, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Customized Aluminum Profile Extrusion with CNC Machining (ISO9001: 2008)(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage.Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace-Zhuoda Stainless Steel Screen Wire Mesh China Supply Amazon.5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638); 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabric(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing;China Supplier Gabion Professional Front Door Large Wire Mesh Box), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Dental Orthodontic Bondable 2ND Molar Roth 018 Buccal Tubes). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Green&Health European Style Supermarket Commercial Fruit Open Display Refrigeratorstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Sjd1-3.5 Hydraulic Indoor and Outdoor Use Guide Rail Cargo Elevator< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS), fine, and superfine DSF
Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypadshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Carbon Steel Drop Forged Galvanized Lifting DIN580 Eye Bolt, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head,Geotextile Plastic Mesh Agricultural Landscape Fabric Weeding Tool Weed Mat Ground Cover. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hy1002 Mixer Shower Set, Luxury Rainfalls Shower Set | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
For Gopro Hero 5 Siliconeshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Living Room Furniture Set with Classic Leather Sofa Chairs (159A). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,New Luxury Men Quartz Business Wristwatches Gift Business Watch Rejol (DF-MW055).
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638). (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
5GHz Outdoor Wireless Access Point Poe Power Supply (TS208F)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638). However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638). These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescue. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision;Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Cycling Shorts And Shirts Teams).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638) | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638) | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendant.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Company.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxes). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (3d Printing Medal High Quality Supplier). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.360eye S Mini Fisheye 720p HD P2p Wireless IP Camera-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Aluminum/Aluminium Foil Food Packaging Lamination Foil 8079-O 8mic(5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Productshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Industrial Mini PC, Support Intel Core3 I7/I5/I3 Processors, Gigabit Ethernet and WiFi. Embedded Ipc.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Various Types of Aluminum/Steel/Brass Sheet Metal Stamping/Punching Parts;Spade Shovel/Hand Tools for Building Construction /Farming Spade (FM-SL21)). As shown inCarbonless Ncr Cb Paper White 70gsm, the patty with 5%Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638) | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Z Series Medium and Large DC Motor Z710-Z560-Z630-Z800-1250kw 800kw DC Motor, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B).customized LOGO design low cost 125kHz T5577 preprinted RFID cardshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638) | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Electric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).FDA Standard Food Grade Transparent Flexible Silicone Hosestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638), while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Locking Robot Instead of Manual Locking/Desktop 4-Axis Adsorption Type Screw Fastening Robot. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket;Inflatable Rubber Mandrels for Culvert Construction) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Medical Patient Medicine Trolley Cart, Hospital Metal Nursing Trolley with Ce& ISO(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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