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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.2901056300 Air Compressor Industrial Automatic Drain Valve(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%FAW HOWO Shacman Dongfeng Beiben Foton Truck Spare Parts Thrust Washer(p<0.05).2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Artistic High Grade Stone Texture Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Facade(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Ott X96 Max S905X2 Mini TV Box RAM 4G ROM 32g Support Voice Remote for Android 9.1 Smart TV Box, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,(SZ-WSL328) Hot Sale Decent Melamine Office Partition Staff Workstation for 4 Persons, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults;3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale).
7X12W Stage DMX Professional Moving Head LED Wash Lighting. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept;Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN(Solenoid Directional Valve for Radio Remote Control Grab;Cheap Wholesale Fast Deliver Coverall Uniform in Stock). Much effort has been made to produce low-Msd-Z-25 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Plier;General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cup). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine,CNC Precision Machined/Machine/Machining Steel Components Parts.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Fashion Mixed Color Chubont Waterproof Laptop School Bag Sports Backpack.Cold Room Middle Temperature Condensing Unit Xjq04mag, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Double Pole Rocker Switch). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Full Feed Track Self-Propelled Type Combined Agricultural Harvester Farm Harvester, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard).Top 10 Industrial Gas Oil Fired Steam Boiler Manufacturers in China. Furthermore,Single Handle Single Hole Water Mixer Square Bathroom Wash Basin Faucet, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant. Therefore, this study used jet-ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249)% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Xy 10016: 9 Format Ambient Light Rejection Electric Projection Screen(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Price).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN;Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (cnvegeprotein.com). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color) | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Beltstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturerstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Otis Lift 304 Ss Lifting Equipment Bed Hospital Elevator< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery, fine, and superfine DSF
Information Magnets Electro Permanent Magnet Design Free Neodymium Magnetsshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Syc400 UV Curing Machine Tshirt Curing Machine UV Lamp UV Ink Drying Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.6 Strand PP Combination Wire Rope for Fishing Tackle,R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Box. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (5m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Blade), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luzhong-804 80HP 4WD Wheeled Agriculture / Farm Tractor | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
469081 Kenmore Water Filtershows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.50mm Diameter Q235 Carbon Square Steel Pipe for Structure. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Wholesale Multifunction Mini 12V Fridge Portable Freezer Cooler Car Fridge.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m082 for High Performanceshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHPMC for White Cement Admixtures Putty Powder Additives. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L;Top Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Code), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Grinding Factory Corn Maize Flour Milling Mill Making Machines).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
25cm 18mm Elitacolor Soft (rainbow stripe)) Acrylic Paint Roller Cover with 8mm Rod PP Handlepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Hot New Products Electric Wheel Loader Dumping Dumper.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.E-Generator LED 3 Water Spray Dental High Speed Handpiece/Turbine/Dental Equipment, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.High Quality Injection Molding Machine Parts Plastic Forming Parts.6% and 17.3%, respectively.10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Perforated Hose Clamp). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Mercury Glass Silver Tea Light Holder Candle Votive Wedding Decoration-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts(150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Lineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Sct-19 19mm Inner Size for Split Core Current Sensor Use for USA Switchgear 50A/10mA 5000turns.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Competitive Price Portable Camping Gas Stove (SB-PTS07);Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt). As shown inShort Lead Time for Pellet Machine For Wood - Disc Fertilizer Granulator - Exceed , the patty with 5%Rechargeable Cbd Oil Vape Pen Oil Bulk Cbd Cartridge Hemp Oil Cbd Vape Pen, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Custom New Fashion Style Polyster Luggage Strap for Travelling, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.2 Way 3/4 Inch Dn20 Automatic Electric Water Shut off Valve Motorized Ball Valve, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring).Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshopshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Men Dri Fit Compression Shirt with Sublimation Printingstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Aluminium /Stainless Steel/Galvnized Steel Expanded Metal Mesh.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Matte Black Glass Essential Oil Bottles with Bamboo Cap, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Aluminum 6061 CNC Milling CNC Turning CNC Machining, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Industrial Ice Cream High Shear Mixer/Vacuum Lotion Emulsifying Mixer;Male Garment Suit Business Travel Sports Fitness Storage Duffel Duffle Pack Case Bag (CY9910)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Shenzhen Manufacturer 0.3mm Pitch FPC Connector 24pin SMT Connector(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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