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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator(p<0.05).20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pump;Tapered Chisel /Cross/Button Drill Bits for Pneumatic Rock Drill).
PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Quality Custom Aluminum Die Casting/ Metal Casting Heat Sink/ Radiator;Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox(acctek-cnc;Manufacturer of 3000lph Drinking Water RO Filter Purification System). Much effort has been made to produce low-Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill;Tb500 Injectable Human Growth Peptides Thymosin Beta4 for Muscle Mass Tb500). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Customized Sublimation Pet Bowl with Stainless Steel Bowl). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank,Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Stainless Steel Annular Corrugated Tube with Stainless Steel Wire Braid). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (All Round Inflatable Stand up Paddle Boards for Surfing).Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge. Furthermore,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments. Therefore, this study used jet-Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger.Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts-Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring.Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Prefabricated Poultry House with Full Set Poultry Farming equipment).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine;Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Professional Supplier Ceramic Glaze Grade Calcined Kaolin). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Usestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Partsstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading, fine, and superfine DSF
8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generatorsshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick,New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (P10.4 Outdoor LED Transparent Display Screen Glass Curtain Screen), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
yuyancableshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Vibrator for Women Body Massage Female Masturbator Sex Toys for Adultshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDWater Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (20W 30W 50W Quickly Laser Marking Machine for Badge;2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Wholesale Bathroom Decorative Strip Mixed Brown Glass Mosaic Tile).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Free Sample High Quality Air Conditioning Dp Contactorpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Wellgo F265 Black Folding Bicycle Pedals Aluminum Folded Pedal). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Hot Sale Raspberry Pi 2 Injection Molding Black Case). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W)(Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Yca ISO5657 Ball Valves Type Hydraulic Quick Couplingshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Easy Click Vinyl Flooring/Spc Flooring Manufacturer (2-8mm);G80 Lashing Chains for Chain Tensioner W/High Tensile C Hook). As shown inwww.damai-grinder.com, the patty with 5%Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999), which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Deep-Hole Screw Locking Robot/ Benchtop 4-Axis Screw Fastening Robot).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Auto Spare Parts Anti-Slip 7D Diamond Design Beige Color Car Mats for Corolla).Custom Different Size Colored Vulcanized Silicone / NBR Rubber O-Ringshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connectorstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Hy1002 Mixer Shower Set; Micro Medical Instruments) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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