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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.4X6 Inch Blank Direct Thermal Paper Shipping Address Barcode Zebra Labels(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Insulated Neoprene Drink Water Bottle Holder with Strap(p<0.05).Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,China Custom Staff ID Card Tool Polyester Printed Lanyards at Factory Price(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (China Manufacturer of Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop;Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy).
Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Optical Store Design Retail Spectacles Glasses Display Stand;Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage(Cutting Hard Alloy Kentanium Disc Abrasive Disc for Quartz Stone;Clockwise Anticlockwise Running Brushless DC Motor 1kw1500rpm). Much effort has been made to produce low-Copper Glass Geometric Terrarium for Succulent Plants Container with Lids/Covers, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles;Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line,Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp, Lamp Size: 37*25*151cm.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel.Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy).3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design. Furthermore,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Low Water Consumption Portable Evaporative Cooler with LED Display. Therefore, this study used jet-FTTH Field Sc Upc Fiber Optic Fast Connector for Drop Cable-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus); 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture;Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Carry-On Case Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Pricestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Installstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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HDPE Jacket Pre-Insulated Oil Pipe Extruder Machinery with Polyurethane Foamshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration,30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (XCMG 2.5ton Diesel Engine Forklift Truck with Ce Cetificate), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS Artistic Ceiling, Plastic Ceiling Arts for Home (BRJ18-S022) | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
All Round Isup Inflatable Sup Stand up Paddle Surfboardshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus). (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Hospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Boardshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus). However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus). These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDCustom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panel;Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (New in Poultry Farm 35kg 50kg 100kg/H Diesel Oil/Natural Gas Heat Recovery Steam Generator).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Sanitary Rotary Spray Cleaning Ball Stainless Steel Cleanpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus) | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus) | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Reflective Material for Traffic Sign Reflective Sticker Reflective Sheeting). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer(Aluminium Plate Hydraulic Hydraulic Ironworker/Punching and Shearing Machine for Sale).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steelshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure;New Type Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Seeds). As shown inConcrete Block Making Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price, the patty with 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus) | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches).a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitorshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus) | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
F Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adultsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus), while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42;Aluminum Hydraulic Construction Machinery Radiator Heat Exchanger Oil Cooler) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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