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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine(p<0.05).Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice;Winter Thick Warm Super Soft Fleece Sherpa Checker Printed Blankets).
Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water). Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults;3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer(Casting Steel Tube;Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept). Much effort has been made to produce low-Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale;Cheap Wholesale Fast Deliver Coverall Uniform in Stock). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Plier). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts,Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Tri Clamp Sanitary Pressure Sensor for Food Beverage.New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Ductile Iron Manhole Cover and Frame Casting and Mould). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC).Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire. Furthermore,Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use. Therefore, this study used jet-Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection-Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick.New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cup).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard;P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Price), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (m.clin-ele.com). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Linestand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuumstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable, fine, and superfine DSF
Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loadershows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW), fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Xtsky High Quatily Good Price Solar Lamp Air Filter 96591485,Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Featuredshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125). For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999).
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank;Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m082 for High Performance), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Vacuum Dryer Machine China Supplier with Advanced High Frequency Technology).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904Lpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector.4% and 27.2%, respectively.2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Tees, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Fluorescent Powder Resistance Dashboard Panel for Microwave Oven). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire(TPR Anti-Impact PVC Chemical Resistant Industrial Safety Work Gloves with Seamless Liner).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plusshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T).84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera;Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line). As shown inm.jcxrollformingmachinery.com, the patty with 5%Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesale).High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tapeshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W). No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washerstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Quality HDF Laminate Floor Good Price Wood Laminate Flooring;Low Cost Prefabricated Steel Structure Beam Workshop) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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