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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline(p<0.05).Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11)(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles;Quick Installation Strong Prefabricated House Kit for Temporary Office and Living on Site).
Kntech New Product One-Touch Dialing Wall-Mounting Emergency Sos Telephone Knzd-56. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Thermal Insulated Basalt Rock Wool Rolls with Wire Mesh for Roofing;Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,High Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape(12pcs Plastic Prepared Microscope Slides Suppliers for Sale;Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt). Much effort has been made to produce low-Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (13L Lunch Box Vintage Metal Portable Cooler Box From Manufacture;Best Selling Air Drier Drying Oven for Instruments and Meters (KH-100 Series)). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel,High Quality Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment System.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe.Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Best IPL Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Machine). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (HDPE Jacket Pre-Insulated Oil Pipe Extruder Machinery with Polyurethane Foam).Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain. Furthermore,New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.High Quality Dental Unit Dental Chair for Kids China. Therefore, this study used jet-Plastic High Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
PE Double Wall Manufacturer Drain Pipe HDPE Sewage Pipe, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agent.China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket-Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower.Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050)% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Ozone/Plasma Fruit and Vegetable Cleaning Washing Cleaner for Family(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (XCMG 2.5ton Diesel Engine Forklift Truck with Ce Cetificate).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products ( Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing;Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (China Acupressure Vs. Acupuncture). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Warehouse Heavy Duty Drive-in Storage Racking Manufacturer | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| High Elasticity UV Resistant Acrylic Acid Waterproof Top Coatingstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Plastic Cup Soft Tissue Paper Pen Box Packing Machinestbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Personalized Adult/Kids Size Green Baseball Cap 100% Cotton Blank Hats< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Vape Mini E-Cig Mod 40W Box Mod Sub Ohm Tank Box Mod Lite 40, fine, and superfine DSF
Lamination Wooden Colors for PVC Ceiling Panel and Wall Panelshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Corrugated Polycarbonate Roof Sheet for Swimming Pool, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv5032 Inch LCD Digital Advertising Touch Screen Kiosk.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.14L Clinic Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Hospital Medical Instruments Ultrasonic Cleaner,Aerial & Underground GYFTY-G Lashed Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable with Glass Yarn Armoured. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Az60 55%Al Gl/Galvalume Steel Coil by China Manufacturer), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factory Dying Hilo Polyester 250d Bonded Thread for Sewing Tent | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Salt Water Powered Multi-Function LED Portable Lantern with USB Charger for Outdoor Activityshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Tempered Glass Plate and Five Free Nozzle Build Volume. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Density Fire Retardant Foam Board 4X8 PVC Foam Sheet.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chairshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHospital Used Cleanroom 99mm Rock Wool Sandwich Acoustic Wall Panel/PVC Ceiling Board. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (High Quality SMC Round Watertight Manhole Cover BS En124 Standard;Aluminium Plate Hydraulic Hydraulic Ironworker/Punching and Shearing Machine for Sale), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Beauty Equipment Microdermabrasion Machine Facial Care Cleaning Porevacuum Blackhead Remover).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steelpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Plastic Blank RFID Dual Frequency Chip Card with UHF/MIFARE/ Em4100.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Customized Auto Part Prototype / Prototyping /Rapid Prototype.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06), fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,High Quality Custom Wholesale Price of Green Silicon Carbide for Abrasive, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Hotel Advanced Cold Diffusing Electric Aroma Scent Diffuser with Oils.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Cnc Machined Components). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.CNC Router Machine with Automatic Tool Changer (XE1325/1530)-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Food Grade LLDPE Material OEM Available Plastic Ice Cooler Box(Msd-Z-20 Double Diaphragm Embedded Solenoid Pulse Valve for Air Cleaning).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punchesshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Red Color Folding Gift Packaging Box with Magnet Closure.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor;Cheapest 3D Laptop Color Doppler Machine/Laptop Design Color Doppler Echo Ultrasonic Machine Mslcu42). As shown inP-Level Sp-Level Interchangeable Mute CNC Slide Rails, the patty with 5%Rechargeable LFP Prismatic LiFePO4 Battery 3.2V 10ah Pouch Cell for Solar Storage, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Case, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Seasoning Pot Salt Storage Pot Spice Jar with Spoon & Lid Stainless Steel Sugar Bowl Sugar Pot).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (ISO9809 Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder for Helium Balloon Kit).Rattan Dining Table Room Sets Outdoor Modern Patio Wicker Furnitureshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Cummins ISF diesel engine parts oil filter element LF17356 5266016. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Transtones Customize Shape for Kitchen Top Wall Panelsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%China High Quality Linear Globe Angle Control Valve.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%High Quality Swivel Pin Semi Trailer Truck Part King Pin, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Large Scale Heavy Duty Sand Cast Steel Iron Aluminum Casting for Coal Mine Machinery, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Removable Portable Adjustable Basketball Stand/Hoop with 48 PC Transparent Backboard. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Lever Chain Hoist 3t*1.5m Manual Chain Block with Cheap Price;Contemporary Outdoor Garden Furniture Leisure Lounge Aluminum Modular Sofa Set with Poly Wood Table) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
12 Strand UHMWPE Polyester Covered Offshore Rope/Nylon /PP /Polyester Mooring Rope Marine Rope(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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