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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Hot Dipped Galvanized Gabion Basket Gabions Price in Philippines(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Sports Stretch Headband Headwrap Bandana Hair Decoration (P3042)(p<0.05).Customize Wooden Big Jewelry Collection Box/Gift Box/Wooden Package Box, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Ultrasonic Anti-Cellulite Velashape RF Vacuum Cavitation Body Slimming Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Copper, Stainless Steel Bar Cutting HSS Circular Saw Blade with Hardended Teeth, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Pipe Production Line/ Pipe Used Adjustale or Self Adjustable Pipe Welding Turning Roll/ Rotator;1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine).
Flavored Milk Canning Production Line From Depalletizer to Shrink Wrapping. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Glass Dropper Bottle Amber Essential Oil Bottle Brown Glass Bottle;3 Inch Petrol Engine Fire Pump for Agricultural Irrigation). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Daf Rubber Air Spring, Air Bag, Air Suspension Contitech 836mk1(Elevator For Packing Machine;Auto Parts Belt Tensioner Assembly for BMW 11281427252). Much effort has been made to produce low-Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Guangzhou Manufacturer Steel Galvanized Ringlock Scaffolding;6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Folding E-Bike Red White Foldable Electric Bicycle Folded E Bike Great Power 500W 48V Samsung). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A),Dia22mm-La118keem4 Emergency Push Button Switch, Red, Green 6V-380V Voltage.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-High Quality Zinc Alloy Metal Chain for Bags for Hangbags.Embossing Buttons Metal Dome LED Membrane Keyboard Switch, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Voltage Switch Tester Digital Circuit Breaker Dynamic Characteristics Analyzer). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Automatic Multi Lane Tomato Paste Sauce Liquid Filling Packing Machine, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Low Cost WiFi 4G GPS HD Portable Network PTZ Camera).Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration. Furthermore,New Arrival Hot Style Wholesale Brand Sunglasses China Sun Glasses, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Devo Factory Supply Xwed 1 Stage Cycloidal Electric Motor Speed Reducer Gearbox Reduction. Therefore, this study used jet-Lightweight WPC Vinyl Flooring 5mm for Office Bathroom Tiles-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Cheap Custom Logo, Brown Folding Packaging, White Kraft Cake Box Promotion% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Dining Furniture Restaurant Dining Set Stainless Steel Marble Dining Table).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale;Lightweight Blue Oxford Aluminum Folding Outdoor Home Leisure Beach Lounge Chair), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Tempered Glass Mirror Shower Pull Sliding Glass Door Handle). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Android Portable Rugged Touch Data Collector PDA | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Delight ISO Certificated Pedestrian Streets Solar LED Outdoor Lightingstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fittingstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Wardrobe Closet Soft Close Pull out Jewelry Tray (A007)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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Prevent Malaria Zika Durable Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Mosquito Netshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Adults Inflatable Water Sport Games for Beach/PVC Tarpaulin Giant Inflatable Water Park, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline,Glass Medical Armpit Oral Clinical Mercury Free Gallium Thermometer. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Afen Auto Opened Door Pasta Sexy Toys Auto Vending Machine with Competitive Price), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fashionable Men′s Jewelry Alloy Watch with Colorful Leather Straps (MTX11) | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Stainless Steel Glass Shower Door Handleshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Minimalism Small Portable Laser Marking for Metal Plastic Key Gun Rubber PVC Glass Yeti Cup. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Cheap Custom 100% Cotton Men Formal Slim Fit Business Shirt Wholesale.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
China Factory Custom NBR and EPDM Molded Silicone Rubber Grommetshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDHigh Adhesion Custom Logo Printed BOPP Packing Tape / BOPP Packaging Tape. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (New Luxury Men Quartz Business Wristwatches Gift Business Watch Rejol (DF-MW055);Wall Mounted Hanging Ent Diagnostic Set Veterinary Otoscope Ophthalmoscope), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (63W Private Tooling with Type-C Pd Charger and QC3.0 Charger).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Carbon Steel Metal Alloy Coil Cold Heading/Forging/Hitting Hardware Partpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Blue Coated Double Glass.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Factory Sales CNC Fiber Laser Cutter for Carbon Steel Stainless Steel.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.High Quality Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment System, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Lathe, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Lifting and Hoisting Industrial Manual Chain Lever Block Vt.6% and 17.3%, respectively.OEM Make Denso Type Auto Air Conditioner Compressor.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (MDF Board Color Powder Coating Production Line for Cabinet Furniture). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Transparent PVC Credit Card Shape Pocket Handheld Magnifing (MG-004)). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Children Kids Clothing Baby Product Fleece Jackets Lightweight Plain-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping(Bl2080 Textile PVC Artificial Synthetic Leather for Sofa).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Professional Manufacturer Steel Tube CNC Peeling Latheshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%High Quality Dental Unit Dental Chair for Kids China.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (6-12 Inch Transparent and Foldable Double Layer Cake Box for Cake Shop Birthday Cake Packaging;Rotary Drilling Rig Drilling Machine Cummins Engine). As shown inHandbag Sets, the patty with 5%Plastic High Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.PE Double Wall Manufacturer Drain Pipe HDPE Sewage Pipe, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Table Lights E27 LED Bulb Retro Modern Desk Light, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Bathroom & Kitchen Fitting Stainless Steel Floor Drain).Scaffolding Accessory Casted Jack Nuts& Wing Nuts& Prop Nuts& Tie Rodshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Wod Face and Back Veneer of Bintangor, Okoume, Plb, Mlh Natural Veneer. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Cryogen Agentstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%China Supplier Hot Sale Jewelry Laser Solder for Refrigerator Gasket.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Biogas Desulphurization/Purification Tank Scrubber/Tower, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Kw004fk PTFE Fiberglass and Kevlar Open Mesh Conveyor Belt. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Best Price Access Control Vertical Swing Turnstile for Bus or Train Station with Good Quality;Fluorescent Yellow Traffic Safety Reflective Clothing) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Hot Sale LED Strip Light with Blister Package (SMD3528/SMD5050)(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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