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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.2017 Competive Price HDPE Floating Fish Cage for Fish Farming(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Galvanized Farm Fencing/ Farm Sheep Fencing/ Cattle Fence/ Field Fencing(p<0.05).Children Clothes Dress Girls Summer Cotton Skirts Casual Floral Toddle Girls Skater Skirts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,ISO Certoficated Multigauge Automatic Computer Flat Knitting Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Electric Centrifugal Borehole Well Copper Wire Sewage Submersible Water Pump, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Custom Mild 3mm Laser Cut Sheet Metal Fabrication Service, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Home Use Guitar Tube Stereo Audio Mixer Power 600/1000W Karaoke Stage Master Amplifier;High Quality and Cheap Price Non-Ferrous Metal Eddy Current Separator).
Durable&Longlife Nylon Rope Climbing Rope for Outdoor. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults; Anodized and Screw Threaded Tooling). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park(316 Stainless Steel Cable Strapping 3/4′′;Natural Blue Honed Sandstone Tiles for Outdoor Wall). Much effort has been made to produce low-Stainless Steel 316L Hydraulic Cylinder Round Honed Tube, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (CNC Machining Milling or Turning Process Metal Micro Parts for Precision Equipment;Toshiba Gmcc 9110 BTU Rotary Refrigeration Type Compressor Ask89d53uez). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Five Colors 5ATM Water Resistance Stainless Steel Set Watch for Business Men (JY-G039)). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Good 0.38mm Color Frosted White PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass,Furniture Screw Fastener Double Thread Ended Stud with Space.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System.Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Tube, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (High Quality Regenerative Pulsed Natural Gas Heating Furnace). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,12V 30ah LiFePO4 Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate Car Batteries, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge).Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets. Furthermore,Stainless Steel Hand Operated Equal Tee Butterfly Valve, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.High Manganese Steel Hitachi Ex3500 Ex3600 Ex5500 Gyratory Crusher Parts Track Shoe. Therefore, this study used jet-Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceiling-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Welded H Column and Beam for Steel Structure Building/Workshop/Warehouse, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization Equipment for Sodium Thiosulfate% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gauges(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Zipper Flat Bottom Coffee Bag One Way Valve Manufacturer in China).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabric;(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Wholesale Prices Genuine Leather Mobile Phone Wallet Case for iPhone 8g Luxury Stlye). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Aluminum Composite Panel Aluminium Honeycomb Backed Stone Panelstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Chaina Brand Air Cooled Condensing Unit for Cold Storage Cold Roomstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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High Quality Psa Oxygen Cylinder Filling for Hospitalshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Special Made Perforated Aluminum Panel for The Expo Building in Hongkong (RNB-088), fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Inconel 600 Strip Price Special Alloy 600 Nickel Inconel Plate.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Stable Industrial Servo Motor Robot Arm Injection Molding Machine,Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Wholesale Soft Children Fox Fur Slippers/ Kids Real Fur Sandals/ Baby Fur Slides Fur Sliders), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Sublimation Stainless Steel Flaskshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Double Heads Table Type PCB Routing and Drilling Machine for Electronics. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,High Speed Pet Bottle Sorting Machine/Pet Recycling Washing System Machine.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Customized Aluminum Profile Extrusion with CNC Machining (ISO9001: 2008)shows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDPowder Coating Line Designer and Manufacturer for Heating Units. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (China Clamping-Clamping Pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Horizontal Actuator;Baking Tray Die-Custom Stamps-Metal Stamping-Deep Drawings), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (www.mybarberchairs.com).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Liftpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Lever Chain Hoist 3t*1.5m Manual Chain Block with Cheap Price.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Round Shape Massage Finger Rehabilitation Trainer Massage Hand Grip.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
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Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.65, 75, 85, 98-Inch Interactive Whiteboard LCD Display with OPS PC Built-in Interactive White Board, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.High Brightness 100lm/W 45W CREE COB LED Track Light.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Self-Service Car Washer with High Pressure Water Washing System.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Aluminum/Aluminium Foil Food Packaging Lamination Foil 8079-O 8mic). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Angle Steel Light Duty Angle Shelf). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Flat Defence Razor Wire Stainless Steel/Iron/Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire(Devo Factory Supply Xwed 1 Stage Cycloidal Electric Motor Speed Reducer Gearbox Reduction).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
MCCB MCB RCCB RCD RCBO 2 Pole Circuit Breaker 63A Minishows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Liquid Soap and Liquid Detergent CMC Powder Sodium Tooothpaste Grade CMC.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (UL3135 Electrical Wire Electrical+Wires Trailer Harness;HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose with Industrial Grade). As shown inBiobase 2019 New Design Lab furniture Ductless Laminar Air Flow Lab Fume Hood, the patty with 5%Camouflage Men Shoulder Bags USB Charging Crossbody Anti-Theft Chest Bag, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Competitive Price Advertising Outdoor Full Color P3.91 LED Display Screen with Moveable Installation, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Food Grade FCC and E282 Preservative Calcium Propionate, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Mobile Machine Tool Cabinet (OEM Sheet Metal Tool Cabinet)).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Geotextile Plastic Mesh Agricultural Landscape Fabric Weeding Tool Weed Mat Ground Cover).Qt4-15 Fully Automatic Interlocking Block Hollow Brick Porous Block Making Machineshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steel. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificatestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Chinese Biggest Used Truck Market - Used Truck Crane Sany Stc25 with 25t Lifting with Best Price.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Ec/Gl Certification 35 Men Self-Righting Inflatable Life Raft, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Durable Stainless Steel 304 304 L Water Well Casing Pipe. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (4K LED TV Panel Laser Repair Machine Cr-512dh Big Size Panel Repairmachine/LCD Screen Repair Machine;Professional Frame Steel Panel 4 Inch PP Wheel 11′ 16′ Drywall Panel Lifter) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
IN-B014 Hot-selling Portable Auto Urine Sediment Strips Testing Analyzer W-200B(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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