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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product(p<0.05).Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipment(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200), including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Wholesale 250ml 8oz Drop Water Juice Glass Bottle Simple and Elegant;Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage).
High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Diamond Silver Ring Silver Plated Zircon Butterfly Shape Women Ring;Topology High Water Flow Capacity Pleated Filter Cartridge). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,for iPhone USB Cable, for iPhone 6 Charger Cable Original Support OEM(Motorcycle Long Life SKF Ball Bearings 6312 2z Baleros;Sheet Metal Parts Processing Iron Aluminum Stainless Steel Hardware Parts to Figure Custom Bending). Much effort has been made to produce low-Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X), although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Bg-350X B/D Stainless Steel 304 Automatic Pepper Horizontal Packing Machine Price;Mixer Machine Electric Mixer Dry Powder Mixer Machine ). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (China Custom CNC Sheet Metal Fabrication Services From Taiding). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC),Injection Molding Service Plastic Injection Mold Maker.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesale.Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (90947-02230 for Toyota Landcruiser Hj45 Series Brake Hose Rear Centre). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Carbon Steel Wire Straight Line Wire Drawing Machine).XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales). Furthermore,Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Hospital -86 Degree Ultra Low Temperature Freezer with Ce. Therefore, this study used jet-Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
14.4V Power Supply Sc 2400mAh NiMH Rechargeable Battery Pack, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Simple Design Smooth PU Leather Women Crossbody Shoulder Bag(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine.105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc-New Generation Non Invasive Criolipolisis 2019 Slimming Device 3 Max Cool Shaping Criolipolisis.Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Floating Ball RO UF Pou Water Dispenser Filter Part% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200)(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (5ton Hydraulic Power Unit Single Drum Winch for Sale;Guangzhou Factory Outdoor Water Park Playground Equipment for Sale), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Automatic Furniture Accessories Screw Weighing Mixed Counting Packaging Machine). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Steel Metal Deck Making Machine by Roll Formingstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixerstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Hotel Banquet Dining Room Stainless Steel Chair for Wedding< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader, fine, and superfine DSF
Good 0.38mm Color Frosted White PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glassshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Factory Wholesale Shandong Supplier PPGI Steel Coil for Sale,One Stop Service for Cooling Tower and Cooling Tower Parts. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Substation Field Use Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier Machine 6000 Liters/Hour), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Wholesale Green Amber Glass Cosmetic Jar for Skin Care Saleshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Prefabricated Poultry House with Full Set Poultry Farming equipment. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Uniflex Used Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine Germany Original Ninety Percent New Crimping Machine.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Elastic Laces Dyeing and Finishing Machine with High Speedshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallD Machinery Metal Parts/ High Volume CNC Machining Aluminum Parts. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Adult Broken Filament Camouflage Breathable Clothing Outdoor Safety Product;Commercial Beer Brewery Equipment Beer Fermenter Tanks (ACE-FJG-070249)), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Aluminium Housing 220V AC 750W Qdx Submersible Clean Water Pump).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Bathroom Vanity 36′′ PVC Cover Cabinet Ceramic Vessel Sink Black Counter Top Setpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Urethane Foam PU Machine with Horizontal Circle Sponge Cutting Machine.4% and 27.2%, respectively.T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Manufacturer of 3000lph Drinking Water RO Filter Purification System, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Free Sample Disposable Vacuum Blood Collection Needle, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss.6% and 17.3%, respectively.100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holders). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Original Ignition Coil for Benz E200K A0001502580/A0001502980). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge(Kayaba Series Hydraulic Excavator Parts for Psvd2-27e Gear Pump in Stock).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Factory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Assshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%High Quality Aluminum Bronze Pipe Casting Hollow Bar for Wholesale.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price;Solid Tyres 20.5/70-16 16/70-20 23.5-25 17.5-25 Solid OTR Tire). As shown inCE Certificated Wheel Loader (HQ912) with Agricultural Tire, the patty with 5%Composite Fiberglass FRP SMC BMC Manhole Covers with Frame, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Kaolin Clay Textiles Petroleum Chemicals Building Materials Used Calcined Kaolin, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Easy Install Stage 12 Inch Round Rotating Lighting Truss, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (High Demand Customized Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Service).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method ( Jars).High Efficiency Superfine Micron Walnut Shell Air Jet Millshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Sign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Stainless Steel Standard Type Steel Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screwsstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihyrate MSDS CAS 14459-95-1.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UF, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Food Machinery/Arabic Pita Bread Naan Chapati Roti Tortilla Lavash Maker Making Machine. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4;Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Mill) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
30kg, 50kg Gas Heated Drying Machine Used for Hotel/Hospital/School(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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