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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%DIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9(p<0.05).Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Polycarboxylate PCE Superplasticizer Water Reducing Plasticizing Admixture(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).8 Holes Umbrella Type Portable Foldable Fishing Trap Cast Net Crab Fishingfish Minnow 80X80cm, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Kiosk/Booth/Toilet/Shop/Office/Coffie House/Living House Used Container House, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease ( Il;High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market).
Durable Manual Cast Steel Flange Slide Gate Valve with Prices. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Cheap Round White Metal Paint/Chemical Bucket/Pail/Drum;Veterinary Drugs of Tetracycline hydrochloride Bolus 100 tabs). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Black Carbon Steel Seamless Pipe for Oil and Gas(Rectangle Steel Pipe and Tubes S235 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe; Machinery Metal Parts/ High Volume CNC Machining Aluminum Parts). Much effort has been made to produce low-Custom Healong Sublimated Men′s Brief Shorts, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels;Star Shaped LED Lights String Curtain Window Bedroom Xmas Fairy Lamp Home Deco). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Aluminium Fitting Clevis and Tongue/Clevis Tongue Dead End Fitting). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Lanhang Brand Rubber Pressed Mixing Machine with Ce Certification,5m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Blade.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-30mm Extractor Cooling Fan 30X30X10 12V IP68 Cooling Tower Fan.Cast Iron Wok or Stir Fry Skillet, 12-Inch, Flat Bottom for Stove Top Use, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Armband For Smart Phones). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Classic Matte Oak Color Melmine Wooden European Style Bathroom Vanity, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Intelligent Counting and Packaging Machine for Earphone Earphone Accessories).Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m116 for Chery QQ 1.0 6711. Furthermore,Customized ABS Case Autolock Steel Tape Measure with Rubber Cover, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Ask 433MHz RF Receiver Module for Auto Remote Door Switch Yet205b. Therefore, this study used jet-Wear Resistance 6000 Series Road Bike Alloy Rim H Son Aluminum Wheels Rims-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
Polyester Woven Strap From China Manufacturer with High Quality, fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine for Cream/Oil/Ointment/Beverage% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Zhuoda Stainless Steel Screen Wire Mesh China Supply Amazon(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp;Surface Pendant Suspension LED Linear Light at Any Length), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Creality Cr-10 V2 3D Printer with Removable Build Surface Plate and UL Certified Power Supply). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 5 Years Warranty IP65 UFO LED High Bay Light 80W | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisherstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Bohemia Clip Sunflower Earring Round Shape Pearl Rhinestone (ESG11638)stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Factory Thick 90 Nylon 10 Spandex Interlock Knit Leggings Fabric< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, fine, and superfine DSF
Hardware Tool Set EVA Insert Pack Box Bag Storage Caseshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Green&Health European Style Supermarket Commercial Fruit Open Display Refrigerator, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3+ M10.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Sjd1-3.5 Hydraulic Indoor and Outdoor Use Guide Rail Cargo Elevator,High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS). Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (2019 High Speed Dirt Bike Electric Scooter 2000W with Rocker), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Steel Drop Forged Galvanized Lifting DIN580 Eye Bolt | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
15mm Plywood Suppliers for Saleshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Geotextile Plastic Mesh Agricultural Landscape Fabric Weeding Tool Weed Mat Ground Cover.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Hydraulic Fittings 1000psi Brass Quick Release Couplingshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDElectric TV Cabinet European TV Stand MDF Mantel (370). Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (High Precision SUS316 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen Machine; Granular), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Cspower 12V 180ah Maintenance Free Gel Battery - Home Use Storage).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Stainless Steel Panel Shower Column with Brass Hand Shower (K2610)presents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Living Room Furniture Set with Classic Leather Sofa Chairs (159A).4% and 27.2%, respectively.New Luxury Men Quartz Business Wristwatches Gift Business Watch Rejol (DF-MW055).8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.21FT Aluminium Center Cabin Boat with 360 Walk Around, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,PVC Tarpaulin Onion Shape Water Storage Bladder for Fire Rescue, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Scaffolding Accessory Casted Jack Nuts& Wing Nuts& Prop Nuts& Tie Rod.6% and 17.3%, respectively.1064nm 532nm ND YAG Long Pulse Laser Hair Removal Machine.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Big Flow Rate Oil Diesel Gassoline Petrol Fuel Pump 1000lpm). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (100% Cotton Thick Tea Towel). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Wide Application Rotary Water Well Drilling Rigs for Sale-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Grade).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Best Design Educational Wooden Bead Maze Toy for Kids W12D193shows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Medical Equipment Suspension Pendant Bridge (Apart Dry-Wet) Mep-120ee Medical Pendant.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (2019 Winter New 500W Home Use Small Portable Personal Mini White Electric Fan Heater (DH-QN06);Kitchen Accessories Anti Slip Mat in EVA Material for Kitchen Drawer Bottom). As shown inHigh Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs, the patty with 5%Laser Engraving Steel Company Steel Sheet Metal Bending Metal Manufacturing Company, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.360eye S Mini Fisheye 720p HD P2p Wireless IP Camera, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Aluminum/Aluminium Foil Food Packaging Lamination Foil 8079-O 8mic, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Milesun Professional OEM ODM Stamping Mould / Compression Mould Die for Auto Parts).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method ( Copper).Custom Ductile Iron Casting Type Scaffolding Beam Clampshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
100-500ton Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine with Ce. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Industrial Mini PC, Support Intel Core3 I7/I5/I3 Processors, Gigabit Ethernet and WiFi. Embedded Ipcstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Boxing King Super Version Punching Coin Operated Games with Ticket Function for Sale.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Adjustable Neoprene Elbow Support with Silicone Elbow Brace, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Z Series Medium and Large DC Motor Z710-Z560-Z630-Z800-1250kw 800kw DC Motor. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Mini Portable Wireless Outdoor Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Welcome to Customized;2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved)) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
FDA Standard Food Grade Transparent Flexible Silicone Hose(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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