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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Desktop LCD Mount with 2-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0002B)(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Fiberglass Mesh/ Alkali Resistant Fiber Glass Mesh for Wall Covering(p<0.05).High Demand Customized Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Service, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,Auto Spare Parts Special Eco-Friendly PU/PVC Car Foot Mats for Nissan Juke/Leaf(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Aluminium/ Zinc Die Casting Mold, Anodized and Screw Threaded Tooling, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Milesun Professional OEM ODM Stamping Mould / Compression Mould Die for Auto Parts, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (3-Inch Mobile Thermal Printer (MPT-III) Various Interface and Waterproof Design;WiFi Thermostat & Temperature Controller for Water Heating).
Industrial Ice Cream High Shear Mixer/Vacuum Lotion Emulsifying Mixer. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (High Quality Balustrade Pipe Use Iron Adaptor Flange Plate;Plastic PP Foam Clipboard with Metal Clip in Dongguan). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Diamond Polishing Abrasive Brush for Granite and Marble(Electric Kettle for Homeuse Which Is Stainless Steel Electric Tea Kettle;Engineering Working Safety Shoes Anti Slip Shoes (SF-949)). Much effort has been made to produce low-Professional Medical Furniture Facial Tools Skin Care Machine Laser Multi Function Beauty Equipment, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector;Modern High Quality PS Corner Foam Moulding Cornice). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Winter Thick Warm Super Soft Fleece Sherpa Checker Printed Blankets). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.OEM High Precision Stainless Steel Turning Eccentric Shaft,Custom Cardboard Packages for Socks and Underwear Kraft Paper Packaging Boxes.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Waste to Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Compost Equipment Animal Poultry Manure Processing Machine.High Quality Balustrade Pipe Use Iron Adaptor Flange Plate, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Dog Treat Packaging Bag). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Stainless Steel Water Treatment Bag Type Pre Filter, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults).Pure Peptide Powder PT-141 for Enhancing Male Power with GMP (ODM). Furthermore,Liner Type Doy Pack Pouch Coffee Filling Machine, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Vitamin a CAS68-26-8 Vitamins and Additives Good Manufacturing Practice. Therefore, this study used jet-Cheap Brand Breathable Industrial and Outdoor Safety Shoes-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)5ton Hydraulic Power Unit Single Drum Winch for Sale% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Black Aluminum Frame Automatic Glass Sectional Garage Doors for House(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (3015 Cheap CNC Welding Plasma Pipe Tube Cutting Machine China Plasma Tables for Sale).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Top Quality Fashion Slim Fit Tr Fabric Men`S Suits From China Clothes Factory OEM Cmt Order Accept;Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (Eight Sided Seal Aluminized Laminated Flat Bottom Coffee Pet Ziplock Bag with Transparent Window). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Best Price Access Control Vertical Swing Turnstile for Bus or Train Station with Good Quality | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| 3 Round Shape Indoor Citizen COB LED Recessed Down Lightstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Carbon Steel Metal Alloy Coil Cold Heading/Forging/Hitting Hardware Partstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Light Weight Food Grade Stainless Steel Water Tank< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Laboratory Refrigeration Unit Cooling Circulating Chiller for Rotovap and Reactor, fine, and superfine DSF
Veterinary Instrument Pig Electric Tail Cutting Pliershows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.868MHz 915MHz Anti-Collision OEM UHF Machine Identification RFID Metal Tag, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Wood Plastic Composite Flooring PVC Kitchen Foam Board Extruding|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Hot Sale PVC Plastic 3D Lenticular Cards Printing with Logo for The Competitive Price,Made in China Metal Sheet Pipe Tube Cutting Fiber Laser Cutting Machine 500W. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (General Power Relay T73 12V 5pin Substitute Omron G5LC), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Efficient PCB Cutting Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price for India | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Capacity Of Garbage Truckshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Vibrator for Women Body Massage Female Masturbator Sex Toys for Adult. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Sc/APC Singlemode 9/125 Simplex Fibre Optical Pigtail Cable.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
P5 Outdoor SMD LED Panel LED Video Wall with Waterproof Cabinet with Cost Priceshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDYca ISO5657 Ball Valves Type Hydraulic Quick Coupling. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Stainless steel processing deep groove ball bearing 6302 OPEN;Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Funny Lanyards For Keys).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Giftpresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Irregular Shape Bars 304 Stainless Steel Extrusion F Profile.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Double Pneumatic Chuck CNC Pipe Screw Cutting Lathe 130mm Bore.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Natural Blue Honed Sandstone Tiles for Outdoor Wall, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Zero Spangle Hot Dipped Galvanized Coil Iron Steel for Roofing, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Delixi SSR 25AA an Electric Voltage Protector Solid State Relay.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Guangzhou Manufacturer Steel Galvanized Ringlock Scaffolding.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Vibrations Feet Leveling Ruler Used in Highway). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Colorful Cloth Sleeve Sports Glass Water Bottle with Metal Lid-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators(Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Fuel Injector Nozzle F01r00m082 for High Performanceshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Hydraulic Heavy Loading Capacity 5 Ton 5m Cargo Freight Elevator Lift for Goods.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Stainless Steel Forged Blind GOST12820/12821 Flange for 304/304L/316L/316ti/321/2520/2205/904L;Top Products Hot Selling New 2018 Steel Plate HS Code). As shown inFan Heat Exchanger, the patty with 5%CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.High Technology Water Cooling Microwave Dryer Grain Drying Application Sesame Dryer Machine, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Hex22 Tip/Taper Hollow/Integral/Forged/Collar//Rubber/Collared Drill Steels Rod for Stone Quarrying, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Auto Parts Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Heavy Duty Truck).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (TPR Anti-Impact PVC Chemical Resistant Industrial Safety Work Gloves with Seamless Liner).Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plusshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
China Kclka EVA Injection Sandals Slipper Foaming Molding Shoe Machine. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).New Design Cheap 2 in 1 Hair Straightener and Curlerstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%New Black Crystal Glass Perfume Bottle Craft for Crystal Gift, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
65% Zro2 Zirconia Silicate Beads Titanium Di-Oxide Powder Milling, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).a Top Quality Rsm-Sy7 (F) Cross Hole Sonic Logging Monitor. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera;Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
400W Maglev Wind Turbine for Home or Farm Use (200W-5KW)(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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