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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Small Propane Gas Bottle Cylinder for Lab Sampling Use(p<0.05).Customized Mold Making Manufacturer Black Car Plastic Injection Parts, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,High Power Driving Type Concrete Power Trowel Machine(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Qk1313 CNC Centerless Lathe Machine Siemen CNC Pipe Threading, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Self-Adhesive White Sticky Painter Felt for Floor Protection, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Double Color Injection Mold or Mould Used for High Quality Plastic Parts;Hotel Banquet Dining Room Stainless Steel Chair for Wedding).
Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts;Unique Luxury Lady Man Perfume Bottle Cheap Glass Perfume Sprayer Bottle with Competitive Price). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,New Concrete Concrete Mixer with Europe Technology for Blending All Concretes Jn1500(Beauty Equipment Microdermabrasion Machine Facial Care Cleaning Porevacuum Blackhead Remover;High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200)). Much effort has been made to produce low-Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray;Factory Price Cheap World Cup Fans 14X21cm or Any Other Size Ecuador Hand Held Flag). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Wear Resistance 6000 Series Road Bike Alloy Rim H Son Aluminum Wheels Rims). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Factory Small Acrylic Laser Cutting Machine / Laser Cutter Price,Manufacturers Stainless Steel Sanitary Welded Concentric Reducer.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-Gorgeous White Crystal Full Diamond Inlaid Grand Event Tiara.Automatic Box Packing Machine for Food Box Packaging Line, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Cnc Machined Components). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Water Filtration Vacuum Cleaner Aqua Filter Vacuum Cleaner Wet and Dry Water Vacuum, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (1500W Stainless Steel Metal Sheet /Pipe/Tube Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine).Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. Furthermore,Indoor Distrubution Loose Single-Mode Optical Fiber Duplex Patch Cord Cable, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.GPS Tracker with Mini Size and Real-Time Tracking (GT08-KW). Therefore, this study used jet-Koyo Water Sachet Filling and Sealing Machine Juice Pouch Filling and Sealing Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Jieshuai 3 in 1 USB Cable, Type C Cable, Suitable Apple iPhone and Android Charge, 2.4A USB Cable(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Concrete Pumps Mobile Polyethylene Stabolizer Outrigger Pads Spreader Plates Crane Mats.LED Flood Light Bulbs Outdoor LED Flood Lights (SLFA SMD 150W)-Heatransfer Color Metal Iron Steel Security Door (W-S-125).Alloy Case Cheap Quartz Wrist Promotion Watch for Ladies (DC-999999)-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)2.54mm Pitch Female Header SMT Type a Series PCB Connector(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Copper).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200);Hot Sale PVC Plastic 3D Lenticular Cards Printing with Logo for The Competitive Price), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (P-Level Sp-Level Interchangeable Mute CNC Slide Rails). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Dia. 17mm-130mm High Chrome Casting Iron Grinding Media Ball Used in Ball Millstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Custom Shaped Colored Unique Novelty Novelty Bulk Bamboo Wooden Golf Teesstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-High Temperature Resistant 99.3% 99.7% Alumina Ceramic Beads< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
Aluminium Fixed Glass Windows Small Hurricane Glass Curtain Wall, fine, and superfine DSF
Professional Fitness Equipment Gym Equipment Half Rackshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Fatory Supply 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Automatic Hot Sell Strapper Machine (JDB-1300A-T),Low Cost Certificated Quality Aluminum Sheet 5083 Alloy. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (Medical Patient Medicine Trolley Cart), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Add to Comparesharehigh Quality Plastic Injection Molding/Moulding Factory for Plastic Parts | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Custom Wholesale Sportswear Womens Sexy Yoga Pantsshows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Risense Automatic Touch Free/Touchless/ Brushless High Pressure Washer. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,Custom Logo White Reversible Embroidery Cotton Bucket Hat Wholesale.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
High Temperature Furnace for Melting Electric Induction Heatershows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDFactory Direct Sale Real Sex Doll Male Masturbator with Big Fat Ass. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Shop Fitting Double Prong Steel Volcano Pegboard Wire Display Hook;Folding Collapsible Plastic Logistic Box for Storage), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Aluminium Vehicle Spare Part).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
IP 67 Limit Switch for Tower Crane-Tower Crane Partspresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Mobile Scissor Lift Underground Car Lift/ Hydraulic Car Lift.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Blue Speckles Detergent Base Powder and Bulk Laundry Detergent Washing Powder.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Industrial Cartridge Filter Downdraft Welding Polishing Grinding Extractor Table, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.6% and 17.3%, respectively.China Manufacturer Competitive Price Chlorine Cylinder Valve.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (High Quality Tungsten Carbide Stamping Mould (tungsten carbide / HSS)). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Boys Drop Light Shade). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Eo-Sterilized SMS Surgical Gown Knitted Cuff for Hospital/Medical-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Simple Tassel Earring Women Sterling 925 Silver Tassel Drop Earrings(Hotel and Homeuse Plastic Electric Kettle Plastic Cover Plastic Injection Molding).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Food Machinery/Arabic Pita Bread Naan Chapati Roti Tortilla Lavash Maker Making Machineshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Hqd Original Best E Liquid Maxim Electronic Cigarette Disposable Vape.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Custom High Precision Zirconia Alumina Ceramic Go-No Go Fixed Gauges;Open Frame 19 Inch LCD Touch Screen Monitor for Kiosk/Vending Machine). As shown inCoolant Expansion Tank Fits Mercedes W219 W211 S211 C219 Sedan Wagon 2002-2010, the patty with 5%Wireless Charging 1: 1 Air Pods Wireless Bluetooth Earphone for Apple Airpods, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Tactical Laser Sight Green Laser Pointer Compact Aluminum Alloy, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Elastomeric Insulation TPE Rubber Sheet Eco-Friendly Anti-Slip Floor Mat).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Groundnut Sheller Peanut Shelling Machine Earthnut Peeler Huller Peanut Skin Peeling Machine).R Series Flange Mounted Helical Cement Mixers Reduction Boxshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Made in China Hebei Design Baby Stroller, Baby Carriers. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generatorstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%Pure Teflon PTFE Plastic Round Gasket Flange Gasket, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight). The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Prefabricated Steel Structure Shopping Mall (KXD-SSB1989);Best Selling Chemical Hair Shampoo Lotion Homogenizing Mixer or Manufacture Agitator) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Japanese Real Silicone Doll Love Dolls Sex Machine Toy Product(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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