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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Air Spring Air Bag Ride-Rite Long Part Firestone W21-760-9000(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%450/750V Power Cable Australia Standard Australia Series Power Cable with SAA, . RoHS Certification(p<0.05).China Factory Supply 99% Omeprazole CAS 73590-58-6 for Stomach Ulcer, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,12000lbs Large Capacity Electric Winch with Wire Rope(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).4X6 Inch Blank Direct Thermal Paper Shipping Address Barcode Zebra Labels, the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Solid Brass Shower Room Rail Shower Column Set 81137;2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed).
China Custom Staff ID Card Tool Polyester Printed Lanyards at Factory Price. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (9171756 Auto Parts Car Air Cabin Filter Manufacturer;Atorvastatin Calcium Cardiovascular Medicine Raw Materials). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Gcc Plant Ball Mill and Air Classifier Production Line(Epe Granulating Machine;New Arrival 10W Dimmable UFO Solar Rechargeable LED Bulb Light for Camping). Much effort has been made to produce low-Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Swimming Pool Dining Room Furniture Table Set, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing;OEM Atuo Aluminum Alloy Sand Casting Parts Ductile Iron Auto Body Parts). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (Hot Sale Eco-Friendly Medical Safety Automatic Blood Lancet). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.Ce Approved ABS Plastic Radiator Cover for Generator Set Canopy,Small Hand Portable Manual Cabinet Door Hole Hinge Drilling Machine.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage.Copper Glass Geometric Terrarium for Succulent Plants Container with Lids/Covers, as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Grinding Equipment). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Plastic WPC PVC Furniture Foam Board Profile Extrusion Production Line, which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (Tape Silicone Used for Insulator Hight Voltage- Rogers).Bamboo Large Yellow Branch LED Floor Lamp, Lamp Size: 37*25*151cm. Furthermore,10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Cutting Tools Manufactures HSS Screw Header Punches. Therefore, this study used jet-Small Desiccant Dehumidifier Humidity Removing Machine-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
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Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)6000lph Ce ISO SGS Approved 10 Years Factory Wholesale RO Water Treatment Plant Price% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)Marine Hardware Stainless Steel Double Wire 22mm Top Slides(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically ( Chinese Professional Manufacturer).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (Easy Install Stage 12 Inch Round Rotating Lighting Truss;Epoxy Resin Fiberglass Laminate Fr4/Epgc201 (Yellow Color)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (128g/4.5oz Custom Square Metal Can Tea Tins for Tea Canister). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | 2X6mm2 /4mm2 Twin Core /AWG Solar PV Cable (TUV Approved) | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chairstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | 3-Diff Automatic Veterinary Hematology Analyzer (Hemo 2900V Plus)stbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Active Wear Light and Designed for Performance T Shirt & Tanks for Men< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
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12V 30ah LiFePO4 Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate Car Batteriesshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.High Efficiency Dung Rotary Dryer with Competitive Price, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50Vehicle Reversing Camera with 7 Wireless Rear View System for Flexible Install.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Home Medical Portable Travel Mini Freezer Insulin Small Refrigerator,20ml 100ml UV Coating Perfume Aluminium Bottle for Perfume Body Spray. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 300kg Ce Gas Steam Generator for Sale), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foton Cummins Isf 3.8 Cylinder Block 5256400 Spare Parts for Diesel Engine | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
a-One EDM Steel Electrode Holder for Graphite Machine 3A-520117shows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Low Temperature Screw Chiller for Freeze Room and Refrigeration. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,30 Years Cheap Flat Malaysia Building Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Four-Way Wood Exhibition Stand/Showcase/Display Rack/Shelf for Cosmetic/Supermarket/Pharmacyshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDF Series Helical Bevel Flange Gearbox Solid Shaft Gearbox. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (9 String Inputs Solar Strings Boxes 200-1000 V DC Combiner Box;Pellet Snack Extrusion Machine Puffs Extruders Making Machine), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (SAA Approval 3pin 10A 250V Australian Extension Cord SAA Power Cord).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
Robotic Mold L Extension Camera Cable Female to Jack Malepresents the cooking loss, reduction in diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume of the hamburger patties made with the different DSFs. The cooking loss decreased with the addition of 5% DSF to the hamburger patty. The cooking loss of the control patty was 34.4%.Forest Mulching Equipment Use Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale.4% and 27.2%, respectively.Customized Universal Popular Blue Tooth Speaker with 6000mAh Power Bank.8%.
Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.Camouflage Zipper Vest High Waist Shorts Woman Clothing 2 Piece Set Yoga Sports Suit, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%,Custom Print Leather Wrist Rest Computer Mouse Pad with Logo, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine.6% and 17.3%, respectively.Shenzhen Express Turnkey PCB Manufacturer, Professional Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (High Quality CPVC Wafer Butterfly Valve JIS Standard). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Heavy Duty Bw150 Series Electric Self Priming Slurry Mud Pump). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(High Quality Dental Unit Dental Chair for Kids China).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
Precision Aluminum Die Casting Hot Top Aluminium Billet Castingshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (Top Quality 20inch Folding Fat Tire Ebike 20X4.0 Foldable Electric Bike;300mm Waterproof PVC Bathroom Wall Covering Panels in Jia Xing). As shown inzichen-rubber.com, the patty with 5%Devo High Quality Gearbox Bw3 Gearboxes Bw Cycloidal Speed Reducer Machine, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Professional Heat Pump Factory - Cycle-Heating Air Source Heat Pump (heating+cooling+hot water), but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.ASTM API 5L X52 Black Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (China Supplier Energy Saving 3W LED Golden Totem Pendant String Light).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Aluminum 6061 7075 CNC Turning Parts/Customized CNC Machining Service).Dental Product of Sapphire Bracket with Ce Certificateshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Single Phase AC Choke Coil Reactor for Capacitor in Pfc. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).Wholesale Alibaba 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Chargerstand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Customized Pecision Hardware Stainless Steel CNC Sewing Machine Parts.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%10kw 12.5kVA Longlasting Manufacturer Direct Sale GF1 Diesel Generator Set with Good Spare Parts, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
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Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
New Product Fast Big Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with Seat for Adults(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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