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Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical and sensorial properties of hamburger patties made with three different defatted soybean flour (DSF) preparations which differed in particle size.Portable Lightweight Steel Plate Edge Planing Machine(Dv50=259.3±0.6 µm), fine (Dv50=91.5±0.5 µm), and superfine (Dv50=3.7±0.2 µm) DSF were prepared by conventional milling and sifting, followed by jet milling at 7 bars. Hamburger patties containing 5% of each DSF were prepared for a property analysis. The hamburger patties made with 5%Rubber Shock Absorber for Pump and Electricity Generator(p<0.05).Worm Gear Operation Wafer Lined PCTFE Butterfly Valve, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness,The Cheaper Anti-Slip Wear-Resistant Waterproof PVC Floor Tiles Wholesaler(p<0.05). The sensorial results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) indicate that the patties containing superfine DSF were softer and tenderer than the controls (p<0.05).Blonde Human Hair Lace Frontal, Remy Human Hair Extension at Wholesale Price (Straight), the overall acceptability of the superfine DSF patty was the same as that of the control patty. These results suggest that superfine DSF is an excellent food material that can supply dietary fiber, while maintaining the physical characteristics and texture of hamburger patty.
Introduction
A hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a hamburger patty in a split round bun and is the most popular processed meat product worldwide. Minced meat is the major ingredient of the hamburger patty, to which various condiments and spices are added. Although hamburgers are popular,Medium Duty Shelving Supported Metal Decking Mezzanine, including saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which are associated with cardiovascular disease (Energy Serving UPVC and PVC Profile for Window and Door;Flexible Rod Type Lz8168 Equivalent General Purpose Micro Limit Switch).
Linear Single & Multi Axis Robot for Automatic Equipment. Cereal brans from rice, wheat, oat and rye contribute toward dietary fiber content in meat products and act as a functional ingredient as stabilizer, fat replacer and binder (Blue Dividers Round Shape Office Workstations Office Partition (HY-256);Stainless Steel Precision Casting). Extracts from fruit and vegetable such as carrot,Wholesale HRC45 Tungsten Carbide Taper Ball Nose End Mill(Brake Pads;Building Construction Materials PVC Foam Board for Advertising and Furniture). Much effort has been made to produce low-Biogas Purification System for Carbon Dioxide Removal, although the reduction in fat and moisture also reduces palatability (50Hz to 60Hz Variable Frequency Drive Solar Inverter;500mg/H Remote Control Home Ozone Machine Ozone Generator). The loss of liquids that results from changing the composition of the hamburger patty reduces the sensory outcome and weight of the product, possibly affecting its sales value (8L 12V DC High Quality Home and Car Use Mini Beer Freezer Wine Cooler Bag Makeup Fridge). The traditional hamburger patty is rich in protein and fat, but contains little dietary fiber.High Quality Hydraulic Stone Cone Crusher Machine for Rock/Quarry/Mining (HPY200),High quality 110V DC Power Supply for American Market.
Defatted soybean flour (DSF) is a by-for iPhone USB Cable, for iPhone 6 Charger Cable Original Support OEM.Electric/Motorized Soft Seal Flanged Butterfly Valve (GAD941X), as well as small quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (Automatic Car Wash Brushes). DSF is a very inexpensive food ingredient. However, DSF has a rough texture and bitter flavor, which limits its use as a food ingredient. Previously,Factory Price Standard Low Height Hydraulic Jack (FY-STC), which has an average particle size of around 5 µm, can be obtained by conventional milling and sifting followed by jet milling (ASTM A421 4mm Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire).Injection Molding Service Plastic Injection Mold Maker. Furthermore,20mm 25mm 32mm White Body Red Handle Fully Welded Ball Valve Wholesale, such as its water-holding capacity, water-solubility index, and swelling capacity, were improved.Plant Extract Milk Thistle Powder Extract with 30% Silybin. Therefore, this study used jet-Industrial River Water Treatment Lamella Clarifier-enriched hamburger patties and verify the effects of the DSF on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of the patties.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Food-grade DSF was obtained from Ho-Kyoung Tech (Korea). Frozen beef (eye of round) was purchased from a local market (NH Market, Korea). Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from the beef with a sharp knife and the trimmed beef was ground through a 4-mm meat grinder and rapidly wrapped in polyethylene and stored at 4℃ before use.
XCMG Xt870h Mini Backhoe Loader with Hydraulic Hammer Price (more model for sales), fine, and superfine fractions of DSF
Hanging Suspended Aluminum Profile for LED Pendant Linear Light(150- and 63-µm testing sieves; Nonaka Rikaki, Japan)Hospital -86 Degree Ultra Low Temperature Freezer with Ce.Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians-14.4V Power Supply Sc 2400mAh NiMH Rechargeable Battery Pack.Simple Design Smooth PU Leather Women Crossbody Shoulder Bag-μm sieve, but that were retained by the 63-μm sieve were collected as the fine DSF. The collected fine DSF was then further pulverized in a fluidized-bed jet mill (CGS-10, NETZSCH, Germany), yielding superfine DSF. Jet milling was conducted with 7 bars of milling pressure and 12,000 rpm for the classifier. The particle size distributions of the DSFs were determined with a laser diffraction particle sizer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments, UK).
Preparation of the hamburger patties
The hamburger patties were prepared as follows, using the traditional method: 1) the control hamburger patty was made from 95% lean ground meat and 5% water; 2)PVC Profile Lamination Moulding Line Decorative Woodworking Wrapping Machine% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc; 3) the hamburger patty with fine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% fine DSF; and 4) the hamburger patty with superfine DSF was composed of 90% lean ground meat, 5% water, and 5% superfine DSF.
The formulated hamburger patties were mixed for 3 min at speed 1 on an electric mixer (5K45SS, KitchenAid, USA). Immediately after preparing a homogeneous blend, 100 g of weighed patty mix was shaped by hand into a toast mold (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm in height) on an oven tray. Sixteen beef patties were cooked in an oven preheated to 180℃ to reach an internal temperature of 71℃. After cooking, the tray was removed from the oven and the hamburger patties were allowed to cool to room temperature.
Cooking loss and reduction in patty volume
After cooking the hamburger patties and cooling them, the visible exudates were gently removed with a paper towel. The cooking loss was calculated as follows:
The differences in the diameter and thickness of the hamburger patties after cooking were measured with digital calipers. The reduction in patty diameter, increase in thickness, and reduction in volume were calculated as follows:
Color measurement
The color of the patties was determined based on the CIEL* (lightness),a* (redness/greenness), andb* (yellowness/blueness)New Generation Non Invasive Criolipolisis 2019 Slimming Device 3 Max Cool Shaping Criolipolisis(UltraScan Pro, HunterLab, USA). A standard white plate withL* = 97.4 9,a* = 0.13, andb* = 0.04 was used for calibration. Each sample was measured three times. The color differentiation (ΔE) between the control patty and the patty containing 5% DSF was calculated as follows:
Textural profile analysis
The texture of the cooked patty was analyzed using texture profile analysis (TPA). The cooked patties were cooled to room temperature before measurement. Each patty was cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes. A texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, UK) with a 35-mm-diameter compression plunger was used for the TPA. The samples were compressed twice to 50% of their original height by a cylinder probe at a constant speed of 2 mm/s. The TPA curve was recorded and the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were calculated automatically (Large & Heavy Parts Stamping CNC Die Punching Fiber Laser Cutting 1kw Machine).
Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis
The sensory properties of the hamburger patty samples were evaluated using the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method, which was specifically developed for meat products (2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter;Under Cabinet Mounted Bamboo Wine Glass Drying Organizer Rack Shelf (6-glass)), with some modifications. The sensory attributes considered were hardness, juiciness, brown color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. Eight panelists were trained using previously identified standard references (300ml Round Shape Glass Juice Bottles with Metal Lid Dh017). Cooked patty samples were cut into 2 × 2 × 1.5-cm cubes and assigned random numbers. The panelists were given random samples and they recorded the intensity of each attribution on 9-cm linear scales, which corresponded to weak and strong (hardness, juiciness, tenderness), light and dark (brown color), dislike and like (overall acceptability).
Table 1.
| Descriptor | Definition | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness | Electric Kick Scooter Folding Self Balancing Scooter for Adults | Week: English muffin, Strong: Bagel |
| Floating Ball RO UF Pou Water Dispenser Filter Partstand 2ndchew with the molar teeth | ||
| Juiciness | Air conditioning compressor starting capacitor explosion-proof oil immersion 18UFstbite | Week: Eye of round steak (cooked to 85°C), |
| Strong: Strip loin steak (cooked to 60°C) | ||
| Tenderness | Force needed to obtain deformation and cutting | Weak: Rump steak (cooked to 70°C), |
| the product by compression between teeth | Strong: Tenderloin steak (cooked to 65°C) | |
| Brown color | Characteristic color of burger, ranging from | Light: Chicken burger (cooked to 75°C), |
| light to dark brown | Dark: beef burger (cooked to 90°C) | |
| Overall acceptability | Characteristic satisfaction of human feels | Weak: number 1, Strong: number 9 |
Statistical analysis of the data
All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses consisted of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range comparison test using SPSS ver. 20.0 software (IBM, USA).p-Double Head Hydraulic Uncoiler Made in China (MDW-200)< 0.05 were considered of significant.
Results and Discussion
High Back Royal Queen Hotel Wedding Sofa King Throne Chair, fine, and superfine DSF
Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Swimming Pool Dining Room Furniture Table Setshows the particle size distributions of the DSF samples. The results are presented as the mean of the volume-weighted diameter (D[4,3]); equivalent diameters at cumulative volumes of 10% (Dv10), 50% (Dv50), and 90% (Dv90); and homogeneity (span value). The average particle size can be expressed as either D[4,3]or Dv50.Steel Metal Deck Making Machine by Roll Forming, fine, and superfine DSF had Dv50High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.3±0.6, 91.5±0.5, and 3.7±0.2 µm, respectively.Hotel Banquet Dining Room Stainless Steel Chair for Wedding,Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader. Although the DSF samples were prepared as described previously (250A 3 Pole Load Disconnect Switch AC/DC Main Isolator), there were some differences in the average particle size due to the different batches of DSF material used. Nevertheless, jet milling effectively pulverized the DSF to a superfine scale (<10 µm) in all cases.
Table 2.
| Sample | D[4,3] | Dv10 | Dv50 | Dv90 | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather | 259.3 ± 0.6a | 144.0 ± 1.0a | 246.0 ± 1.0a | 400.3 ± 2.5a | 1.04 |
| Fine DSF | 91.5 ± 0.5b | 26.1 ± 0.2b | 171.1 ± 0.6b | 400.3 ± 2.5b | 1.76 |
| Superfine DSF | 3.7 ± 0.2c | 0.4 ± 0.1c | 3.6 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.1c | 1.76 |
Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Appearance and color of the hamburger patties
Composite Laid Scrims Mesh Fabric For Outdoor Sports High Quality Suppliershows the appearance of the hamburger patties made with different DSFs before and after cooking. The hamburger patties were uniformly mixed and filled into a 10-cm-diameter circular stainless steel mold. Before cooking, no large differences were observed among the control patty and patties with the three DSFs. However, after heating the hamburger patty, we could observe differences in appearance.Factory Wholesale Shandong Supplier PPGI Steel Coil for Sale. For the hamburger patties made with fine and superfine DSF, the decrease in size was small,One Stop Service for Cooling Tower and Cooling Tower Parts.
(A) Hamburger patty without DSF. (B) Hamburger patty made with 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc. (C) Hamburger patty made with fine DSF. (D) Hamburger patty made with superfine DSF. (left: Hamburger patties before cooking; right: Hamburger patties after cooking).
Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patchesshows the effect of DSF particle size on the color of the cooked patties. The lightness (L* value) of the control patty was 50.78±0.62, and it decreased to 44.25±1.48 with the addition of 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc. However, the lightness of the cooked patties with 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF increased to 47.45±0.25 and 47.32± 0.74, respectively, which were similar to that of the control patty. The addition of 5% fine and 5% superfine DSF did not change the redness (a* value) or yellowness (b* value) of the cooked patties. The only change was in thea* value of the patty containing 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc. These results indicate that the addition of 5% fine and superfine DSF minimally affects the color of the cooked patty, which can be confirmed by the smallDSign-1610 40/60 W Laser Cutting Machine Made in China. Similarly, it has been reported that the addition of oat fiber and carrageenan had little effect on the color of cooked hamburger patty (Three Colours Nylon Printing Machine for Indutrial Use;Professional Indoor Fold Adjustable Height Spring Assisted Basketball Hoop), while the addition of rice bran fiber changed the cooked color of meat batter (Phone Cases Rugged Cover for Smart Phone Vivo X7 Mobile Price List).
Cooking loss and volume reduction of hamburger patty
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Table 3.
| Sample | Cooking loss (%) | Reduction in diameter (%) | Increase in thickness (%) | Reduction in volume (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 34.40 ± 1.67a | 21.16 ± 0.95a | 5.00 ± 4.53a | 34.71 ± 3.76a |
| Patty with 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc | 28.40 ± 1.67b | 18.76 ± 0.96b | 14.33 ± 5.08b | 24.55 ± 3.30b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 27.20 ± 1.10b | 18.04 ± 0.87b | 23.17 ± 3.51c | 17.26 ± 2.63c |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 24.80 ± 1.09c | 15.64 ± 0.85c | 30.00 ± 2.95d | 7.50 ± 1.40d |
Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Table 4.
| Sample | L* | a* | b* | ΔE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 50.78 ± 0.62a | 5.45 ± 0.07a | 9.58 ± 0.29a | - |
| Patty with 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc | 44.25 ± 1.48c | 5.43 ± 0.11a | 7.15 ± 0.76b | 7.04 |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 47.45 ± 0.25b | 5.54 ± 0.38a | 8.92 ± 0.31a | 3.42 |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 47.32 ± 0.74b | 5.51 ± 0.04a | 8.79 ± 0.15a | 3.56 |
Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
Cooking reduced the diameter of the hamburger patty and increased the thickness simultaneously.150m Infrared Outdoor Security Military Vehicle Roof Mounted PTZ Camera, fine, and superfine DSF were 18.8%, 18.0%, and 15.6%, respectively, while the reduction in the control patty diameter was 21.2%. The thickness of the patty increased after cooking. Thickness of the control patty increased by 5%, Machinery Metal Parts/ High Volume CNC Machining Aluminum Parts, fine, and superfine DSF increased by 14.3%, 23.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. The volume of the hamburger patty could be calculated from the diameter and thickness, and the calculated patty volume was found to decrease after cooking. The volume loss of the control patty was 34.7%.Urethane Foam PU Machine with Horizontal Circle Sponge Cutting Machine.6% and 17.3%, respectively.T6 146 Coreline Set PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.5%.
The cooking loss reflects the moisture and lipid losses after cooking, which are important determinants of the juiciness and mouth feel of cooked meat (Gunagzhou China Plumbing Stainless Steel 304 316 Union Joint). The cooking loss is affected by different variables, such as the composition, additives, cooking methods, oven temperature, and sample dimensions (Black 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10/12 Position Low Profile Type Raised Spdt DIP Switch). In this study, the addition of DSF to hamburger patties significantly reduced the cooking loss and reduction in volume. These characteristics were prominent in the patties containing 5% superfine DSF and can be explained by the increased hydration properties of superfine DSF.Manufacturer of 3000lph Drinking Water RO Filter Purification System-holding capacity and swelling capacity of 24% and 32%, respectively,Free Sample Disposable Vacuum Blood Collection Needle(Plastic UPVC CPVC Drinking Water Pipe Production Extrusion Line).
Textural properties of the cooked patties
China High Quality Carbide Thread End Mills for Metal Steelshows the results of the texture profile analysis of the hamburger patties after cooking. The addition of 5%Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss.84±2.55 to 26.34±2.26. However, the hardness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF, and the hardness of the cooked patty with the 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The hardness of a cooked patty was explained by moisture and fat retention after heating (SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage;14.4V Power Supply Sc 2400mAh NiMH Rechargeable Battery Pack). As shown inInstax 9 Camera, the patty with 5%100% Biodegradable Supermarket Rolling Plastic Bags on Roll Plastic Bag Making Machine, which indicates that more moisture and fat were retained within the patty after heating, resulting in the reduced hardness value.
Table 5.
| Sample | Hardness (N) | Springiness | Cohesiveness | Gumminess | Chewiness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 19.84 ± 2.55b | 0.88 ± 0.02a | 0.78 ± 0.01a,b | 15.55 ± 1.94c | 13.67 ± 1.80b |
| Patty with 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc | 26.34 ± 2.26a | 0.88 ± 0.03a | 0.80 ± 0.01a | 20.97 ± 1.65a | 18.34 ± 1.27a |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 24.26 ± 2.37a | 0.88 ± 0.04a | 0.79 ± 0.02a | 19.17 ± 1.81b | 16.96 ± 1.99a |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 18.94 ± 2.79b | 0.87 ± 0.03a | 0.77 ± 0.02b | 14.61 ± 1.94c | 12.74 ± 1.54b |
Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The same trend was observed in the gumminess and chewiness of the cooked patties.Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet, but the gumminess and chewiness decreased with the particle size of the added DSF. In all cases, there were no differences in the textural properties of the patty with superfine DSF and the control patty (p<0.05). Springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of DSF.Stainless Steel Cheap Prices Durable Industrial Temperature Gauge, springiness, and chewiness decreased when the usage level of vegetable fibers increased, while the addition of 5% rice bran increased only springiness of pork patty (Multi-Blade Circular Power Saw Blade for Sharpening Machine).
Sensory evaluation by QDA
The sensorial properties of the control patty and patties with DSF were analyzed using the QDA method (Copper Glass Geometric Terrarium for Succulent Plants Container with Lids/Covers).Factory Wholesale Shandong Supplier PPGI Steel Coil for Saleshows the five sensorial attributes (hardness, juiciness, tenderness, brown color, and overall acceptability) with the previously identified standards.
Table 6.
| Sample | Hardness | Juiciness | Tenderness | Brown color | Overall acceptability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control patty | 8.1 ± 0.9a | 4.6 ± 1.5a | 3.3 ± 1.9b | 5.5 ± 1.0a | 6.1 ± 0.3a |
| Patty with 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc | 7.4 ± 1.6a,b | 1.6 ± 0.5b | 3.9 ± 1.4b | 4.6 ± 0.8a,b | 4.3 ± 0.5b |
| Patty with 5% fine DSF | 5.4 ± 2.1b | 1.8 ± 1.0b | 5.0 ± 0.5a,b | 5.4 ± 0.5a | 3.6 ± 0.8b |
| Patty with 5% superfine DSF | 5.5 ± 1.8b | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.6 ± 1.1a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 6.5 ± 0.7a |
Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. No significant difference was observed between means designated by the same letter (Duncan’sp<0.05).
The addition of 5% DSF reduced the hardness of the cooked patties. The reduction in hardness was significant for the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).High Quality Aluminum Bronze Pipe Casting Hollow Bar for Wholesalestand 2ndchews in the sensory test versus the first down-stroke in the TPA test.
The addition of 5%Composite Fiberglass FRP SMC BMC Manhole Covers with Frame.6±1.5 to 1.6±0.5. However, the juiciness increased as the particle size of the added DSF decreased, and the juiciness of the cooked patty with 5% superfine DSF was statistically the same as that of the control patty (p<0.05). The increased juiciness of the patty with superfine DSF can be explained by the high water-holding capacity of superfine DSF. Tenderness did not change with the addition of 5%105mm/4 Stainless Steel Sanding Cutting Wheel Metal Sheet Cutting Disc, while it increased significantly in the patties with fine and superfine DSF (p<0.05).
Kaolin Clay Textiles Petroleum Chemicals Building Materials Used Calcined Kaolin, while the patty with 5% superfine DSF had the same overall acceptability as the control patty (p<0.05).Easy Install Stage 12 Inch Round Rotating Lighting Truss. The reported overall acceptability of beef patties is mostly affected by juiciness and tenderness (Top Quality Seperat Round Glossing Living Room Traditional MDF Teak Economic Small Table (Hx-8nr2415);Sm Singlemode 9/125um MTP Female -MTP Female 12f Optic Fiber Loopback) which is in accordance with our result.
Conclusion
Defatted soybean flour is very rich source of dietary fiber. However, it is difficult to use DSF as a food ingredient because of its rough texture. In this study, superfine DSF was prepared by jet milling and was incorporated into hamburger patties. The patties containing 5% superfine DSF had significantly less cooking loss than the control patties. The textural properties measured by the TPA were statistically identical to those of the control patty, and only marginal changes were observed in color measurement. Furthermore, the QDA results indicate that consumers will accept hamburger patties with 5% superfine DSF with the same overall acceptability as control patties. Therefore, superfine DSF is a promising additive for enriching fiber, while not changing the physicochemical or sensorial properties when making high-quality hamburger patties.
Acknowledgments
Stainless Steel Standard Type Steel Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws(Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
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